Compositions and methods to improve exercise performance and recovery

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to various compositions for improving exercise performance and/or recovery. The invention also relates to methods of using these compositions and kits including these compositions to improve exercise performance and/or recovery.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Phase of International Application No.PCT/US2016/037280, filed Jun. 13, 2016, which designated the U.S. andthat International Application was published under PCT Article 21(2) inEnglish. This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) toU.S. provisional patent applications No. 62/174,405, No. 62/174,407, No.62/174,419, and No. 62/174,421, all of which were filed on Jun. 11,2015. The contents of all the related applications cross-referencedherein are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as thoughfully set forth.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to compositions, methods and kits for improvingexercise performance and recovery.

BACKGROUND

All publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in theirentirety to the same extent as if each individual publication or patentapplication was specifically and individually indicated to beincorporated by reference. The following description includesinformation that may be useful in understanding the present invention.It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein isprior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that anypublication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.

Some problems or issues associated with exercise include: (1) muscleacid building up, ensuing muscle fatigue, and decline in exerciseperformance and power output; (2) reduced energy production bymitochondria and energy producing pathways (e.g., carbohydrate and fatoxidation and regulation); (3) increased muscle inflammation and damage,reduced adaptation to exercise, and increase in muscle recovery time;(4) reduced perception of energy, and increased perception of fatigue;(5) dehydration, reduced hydration status, and compromised exerciseperformance, and (6) jitters, nervousness, anxiety, the inability tosleep, or gastrointestinal distress from typical pre-exercise or energydrinks and powders.

Other problems or issues associated with exercise include: (1) drop inblood volume; (2) changes in fluid balance; (3) loss of electrolytesthrough sweat; (4) reduced endurance and performance; (5) reduced poweroutput; (6) dehydration and reduced hydration status through exerciseand/or high ambient temperatures resulting in compromised exerciseperformance; (7) gastrointestinal discomfort often associated withsports drinks; and (8) glycogen depletion and impaired performanceduring and/or after exercise.

Still other problems or issues associated with exercise include: (1)access and portability to effective level and form of protein to improverapid and sustained recovery during post-exercise window; (2) balance ofmuscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB)directed towards net MPS enabling muscle recovery/synthesis vs. net MPBresulting in limited adaptations to exercise/or promoting musclebreakdown; (3) muscle inflammation from exercise and ensuing musclesoreness/delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) resulting in decline inexercise performance, strength recovery, and overall muscle recovery,and related psychological discomfort; and (4) alternative measure toreduce muscle soreness without the side effects of NSAIDS provided.

More problems or issues associated with exercise include: (1) access andportability to effective level and form of protein to improvepost-exercise overnight recovery; (2) balance of muscle proteinsynthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) directed towards netMPS enabling muscle recovery/synthesis vs. net MPB resulting in limitedadaptations to exercise/or promoting muscle breakdown; (3) muscleinflammation from exercise and ensuing muscle soreness/delayed onsetmuscle soreness (DOMS) resulting in decline in exercise performance,strength recovery, and overall muscle recovery, and relatedpsychological discomfort; and (4) alternative measure to reduce musclesoreness without the side effects of NSAIDS provided.

To address these problems or issues, the present invention providesvarious compositions, methods and kits for improving exerciseperformance and recovery.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a composition. Thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, or 15) or all of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose,maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)),citric acid, beta alanine, quercetin, sodium citrate, stevia and/orstevia leaf extract, fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange,mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus andother fruit flavors), green tea extract and/or natural caffeine, sodiumchloride, magnesium citrate, silicon dioxide, potassium citrate, calciumcitrate, and dextrose. In various embodiments, the sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)) is granulated sugar. In various embodiments, thecitric acid is citric acid granular. In various embodiments, the betaalanine is beta alanine compound solution. In various embodiments, thequercetin is quercetin anhydrous, quercetin 95%, quercetin 99.5%, orquercetin dehydrate. In various embodiments, the sodium citrate issodium citrate (23% Na). In various embodiments, the fruit flavor islemonade flavor. In various embodiments, the green tea extract and/ornatural caffeine is green tea extract 50% natural caffeine. In variousembodiments, the magnesium citrate is magnesium citrate 16% Mg. Invarious embodiments, the potassium citrate is potassium citrate 36% K orpotassium citrate (35.6% K). In various embodiments, the calcium citrateis calcium citrate tetrahydrate.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a composition. Thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, or 15) or all of: calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium,beta-alanine, quercetin and caffeine. In various embodiments, thecomposition may further comprise one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15) or all of: sugar (e.g.,glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (forexample, cane sugar and beet sugar)), citric acid, stevia leaf extract,fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange, pineapple,pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors) and silica.In various embodiments, the calcium is in the form of calcium citrate,and/or calcium chloride, and/or any other suitable calcium salts orcalcium sources. In various embodiments, the magnesium is in the form ofmagnesium citrate, and/or magnesium chloride, and/or any other suitablemagnesium salts or magnesium sources. In various embodiments, the sodiumis in the form of sodium citrate, and/or sodium chloride, and/or anyother suitable sodium salts or sodium sources. In various embodiments,the potassium is in the form of potassium citrate, and/or chloride,and/or any other suitable potassium salts or potassium sources. Invarious embodiments, the quercetin is quercetin anhydrous. In variousembodiments, the natural caffeine is in the form of green tea extractand/or natural caffeine. In exemplary embodiments, per serving, thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, or 15) or all of: about 5 mg calcium, about 20 mg magnesium, about115 mg sodium, about 40 mg potassium, about 800 mg beta-alanine, about500 mg quercetin, and about 200 mg green tea extract or about 100 mgnatural caffeine. In exemplary embodiments, the composition may be usedto improve exercise performance and/or recovery. In some embodiments,the effective amount of the composition to improve exercise performanceand/or recovery is about 6 grams in a subject that weighs less than 160lbs and about 12 grams in a subject that weighs 160 lbs or more. In someembodiments, the effective amount of the composition is dissolved inwater. For example, in a subject that weighs less than 160 lbs, about 6grams of the composition is dissolved in 8 ounces of water; or in asubject that weighs 160 lbs or more, about 12 grams of the compositionis dissolved in 16 ounces of water. In some embodiments, the compositionis consumed within 30 minutes prior to exercise.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a composition. Thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, or 15) or all of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose,maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)),dextrose, sodium citrate, citric acid, quercetin, magnesium citrate,silicon dioxide, potassium citrate, calcium citrate, fruit flavor (e.g.,lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple,grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors), and stevia and/or stevialeaf extract. In various embodiments, the sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)) is granulated sugar. In various embodiments, thecitric acid is citric acid granular. In various embodiments, thequercetin is quercetin anhydrous, quercetin 95%, quercetin 99.5%, orquercetin dehydrate. In various embodiments, the magnesium citrate ismagnesium citrate 16% Mg. In various embodiments, the potassium citrateis potassium citrate 36% K. In various embodiments, the calcium citrateis calcium citrate tetrahydrate. In various embodiments, the fruitflavor is natural orange or mandarin orange flavor.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a composition. Thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, or 15) or all of: calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, andquercetin. The composition may further comprise one or more (e.g., atleast 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15) or all of:sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose(for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), dextrose, citric acid,silica, fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange,pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors)and stevia leaf extract. In various embodiments, the fruit flavor isnatural orange or mandarin orange flavor. In various embodiments, thecalcium is in the form of calcium citrate, and/or calcium chloride,and/or any other suitable calcium salts or calcium sources. In variousembodiments, the magnesium is in the form of magnesium citrate, and/ormagnesium chloride, and/or any other suitable magnesium salts ormagnesium sources. In various embodiments, the sodium is in the form ofsodium citrate, and/or sodium chloride, and/or any other suitable sodiumsalts or sodium sources. In various embodiments, the potassium is in theform of potassium citrate, and/or chloride, and/or any other suitablepotassium salts or potassium sources. In various embodiments, thequercetin is quercetin anhydrous. In exemplary embodiments, per serving,the composition may consist of or may comprise or may consistessentially of one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15) or all of: about 10 mg calcium, about 40 mgmagnesium, about 230 mg sodium, about 80 mg potassium, and about 250 mgquercetin. In exemplary embodiments, the composition may be used toimprove exercise performance and/or recovery. In some embodiments, theeffective amount of the composition to improve exercise performanceand/or recovery for exercise duration of 30 minutes is about 11.5 grams.In some embodiments, the effective amount of the composition to improveexercise performance and/or recovery for exercise duration of 60 minutesis about 23 grams. In some embodiments, the effective amount of thecomposition to improve exercise performance and/or recovery for exerciseduration of 90 minutes is about 34.5 grams. In some embodiments, theeffective amount of the composition is dissolved in water. For example,11.5, 23, and 34.5 grams of the composition may respectively bedissolved in 8, 16, and 24 ounces of water. In some embodiments, thecomposition is consumed during exercise.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a composition. Thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, or 15) or all of: whey protein, pea protein, sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)), casein, cocoa powder, potassium citrate,pomegranate extract, sodium chloride, chocolate flavor, xanthan gum,stevia and/or stevia leaf extract, L-glutamine, and branched-chain aminoacids (BCAAs). In various embodiments, the whey protein is whey proteinisolate 90%. In various embodiments, the pea protein is pea protein80%—micronized. In various embodiments, the sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)) is granulated sugar. In various embodiments, thecasein is micellar casein. In various embodiments, the cocoa powder iscocoa powder alkalized or cocoa powder (23% protein). In variousembodiments, the potassium citrate is potassium citrate 36% K orpotassium citrate (35.6% K). In various embodiments, the pomegranateextract is a high polyphenol pomegranate extract (e.g., POMx pomegranateextract and PomX pomegranate (75% polyphenols)). In various embodiments,the sodium chloride is sodium chloride (39% Na). In various embodiments,the chocolate flavor is natural chocolate flavor. In variousembodiments, the L-glutamine is L-glutamine FCC. In various embodiments,the BCAA is BCAA 2:1:1.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a composition. Thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, or 15) or all of: calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, pomegranateextract and a combination of whey protein isolate, pea protein isolate,micellar casein, branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), L-leucine, valine,isoleucine and L-glutamine. The composition may further comprise one ormore (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or15) or all of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose,lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), cocoapowder, chocolate flavor, xanthan gum and stevia leaf extract. Invarious embodiments, the calcium is in the form of calcium citrate,and/or calcium chloride, and/or any other suitable calcium salts orcalcium sources. In various embodiments, the magnesium is in the form ofmagnesium citrate, and/or magnesium chloride, and/or any other suitablemagnesium salts or magnesium sources. In various embodiments, the sodiumis in the form of sodium citrate, and/or sodium chloride, and/or anyother suitable sodium salts or sodium sources. In various embodiments,the potassium is in the form of potassium citrate, and/or chloride,and/or any other suitable potassium salts or potassium sources. In someembodiments, L-leucine, valine and isoleucine are at a ratio of 2:1:1.In exemplary embodiments, per serving, the composition may consist of ormay comprise or may consist essentially of one or more (e.g., at least1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15) or all of: about140 mg calcium, about 40 mg magnesium, about 300 mg sodium, about 420 mgpotassium, about 650 mg pomegranate extract, and about 23 g of thecombination of whey protein isolate, pea protein isolate, micellarcasein, branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), L-leucine, valine,isoleucine and L-glutamine. In exemplar embodiments, the composition maybe used to improve exercise recovery. In some embodiments, the effectiveamount of the composition to improve exercise recovery is about 35.5grams. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the composition isdissolved in water. For example, 35.5 grams of the composition may bedissolved in 8 ounces of water. In some embodiments, the composition isconsumed after exercise, for example, within 30 minutes after exercise.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a composition. Thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, or 15) or all of: casein, sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose,maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)),vanilla flavor, tart cherry extract, sodium chloride, branched-chainamino acids (BCAAs), L-glutamine, stevia and/or stevia leaf extract, andxanthan gum. In various embodiments, the casein is micellar casein. Invarious embodiments, the sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose,maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar))is granulated sugar. In various embodiments, the vanilla flavor isnatural vanilla flavor, natural vanilla chamomile flavor or vanillachamomile wild flavor. In various embodiments, the BCAA is BCAA 2:1:1.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a composition. Thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, or 15) or all of: calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, tart cherrypowder and a combination of micellar casein, branched chain amino acids(BCAAs), L-leucine, valine, isoleucine and L-glutamine. The compositionmay further comprise one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15) or all of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose,galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar andbeet sugar)), vanilla flavor, stevia leaf extract and xanthan gum. Invarious embodiments, the calcium is in the form of calcium citrate,and/or calcium chloride, and/or any other suitable calcium salts orcalcium sources. In various embodiments, the magnesium is in the form ofmagnesium citrate, and/or magnesium chloride, and/or any other suitablemagnesium salts or magnesium sources. In various embodiments, the sodiumis in the form of sodium citrate, and/or sodium chloride, and/or anyother suitable sodium salts or sodium sources. In various embodiments,the potassium is in the form of potassium citrate, and/or chloride,and/or any other suitable potassium salts or potassium sources. In someembodiments, L-leucine, valine and isoleucine are at a ratio of 2:1:1.In exemplary embodiments, per serving, the composition may consist of ormay comprise or may consist essentially of one or more (e.g., at least1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15) or all of: about420 mg calcium, about 15 mg magnesium, about 80 mg sodium, about 50 mgpotassium, about 480 mg tart cherry powder, and about 23 g of thecombination of micellar casein, branched chain amino acids (BCAAs),L-leucine, valine, isoleucine and L-glutamine. In exemplar embodiments,the composition may be used to improve exercise recovery. In someembodiments, the effective amount of the composition to improve exerciserecovery is about 28.5 grams. In some embodiments, the effective amountof the composition is dissolved in water. For example, 28.5 grams of thecomposition may be dissolved in 8 ounces of water. In some embodiments,the composition is consumed before sleep, for example, within 1 hourbefore sleep.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a method forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery in a subject. The methodmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of: providinga composition as disclosed herein; and administering an effective amountof the composition to the subject, thereby improving exerciseperformance and/or recovery in the subject. In various embodiments, thecomposition is administered to the subject before exercise. In variousembodiments, the composition is administered to the subject duringexercise. In various embodiments, the composition is administered to thesubject after exercise. In various embodiments, the composition isadministered to the subject before sleep. In various embodiments, thecomposition is administered to the subject after exercise and beforesleep.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a kit for improvingexercise performance and/or recovery in a subject. The kit may consistof or may comprise or may consist essentially of: a composition asdisclosed herein; and instructions for using the composition to improveexercise performance and/or recovery in the subject.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a method forcontrolling body weight and/or for promoting weight loss in a subject.The method may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of:providing a composition as disclosed herein;

administering an effective amount of the composition to the subject, andsubjecting the subject to an exercise after administering the effectiveamount of the composition, thereby controlling body weight and/or forpromoting weight loss in the subject.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a method forcontrolling body weight and/or for promoting weight loss in a subject.The method may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of:providing a composition as disclosed herein; subjecting the subject toan exercise; and administering an effective amount of the composition tothe subject during the exercise, thereby controlling body weight and/orfor promoting weight loss in the subject.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a method forcontrolling body weight and/or for promoting lean muscle growth in asubject. The method may consist of or may comprise or may consistessentially of: providing a composition as disclosed herein; subjectingthe subject to an exercise; and administering an effective amount of thecomposition to the subject after the exercise, thereby controlling bodyweight and/or for promoting lean muscle growth in the subject.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a method forcontrolling body weight and/or for promoting lean muscle growth in asubject. The method may consist of or may comprise or may consistessentially of: providing a composition as disclosed herein; subjectingthe subject to an exercise; and administering an effective amount of thecomposition to the subject after the exercise and before sleep, therebycontrolling body weight and/or for promoting lean muscle growth in thesubject.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a kit forcontrolling body weight and/or for promoting weight loss in a subject.The kit may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of: acomposition as disclosed herein; and instructions for using thecomposition and an exercise to control body weight and/or promote weightloss in the subject.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a kit forcontrolling body weight and/or for promoting lean muscle growth in asubject. The kit may consist of or may comprise or may consistessentially of: a composition as disclosed herein; and instructions forusing the composition and an exercise to control body weight and/orpromote lean muscle growth in the subject.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures. It isintended that the embodiments and figures disclosed herein are to beconsidered illustrative rather than restrictive.

FIGS. 1A-1D illustrate, in accordance with various embodiments of theinvention, while not wishing to be bound by any particular theory,various mechanisms of action.

FIGS. 2-33 illustrate, in accordance with various embodiments of theinvention, a test group survey data and analysis including surveyfeedback and/or changes in weight loss and/or body composition. Anasterisk “*” indicates that a question was not asked in baseline survey.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in theirentirety as though fully set forth. Unless defined otherwise, technicaland scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonlyunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this inventionbelongs. Allen et al., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy22^(nd) ed., Pharmaceutical Press (Sep. 15, 2012); Hornyak et al.,Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CRC Press (2008);Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and MolecularBiology 3^(rd) ed., revised ed., J. Wiley & Sons (New York, N.Y. 2006);Smith, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms andStructure 7^(th) ed., J. Wiley & Sons (New York, N.Y. 2013); Singleton,Dictionary of DNA and Genome Technology 3^(rd) ed., Wiley-Blackwell(Nov. 28, 2012); and Green and Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A LaboratoryManual 4th ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y. 2012), provide one skilled in the art with a general guide to manyof the terms used in the present application. For references on how toprepare antibodies, see Greenfield, Antibodies A Laboratory Manual2^(nd) ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press (Cold Spring Harbor N.Y., 2013);Köhler and Milstein, Derivation of specific antibody-producing tissueculture and tumor lines by cell fusion, Eur. J. Immunol. 1976 July,6(7):511-9; Queen and Selick, Humanized immunoglobulins, U.S. Pat. No.5,585,089 (1996 December); and Riechmann et al., Reshaping humanantibodies for therapy, Nature 1988 Mar. 24, 332(6162):323-7.

One skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similaror equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in thepractice of the present invention. Other features and advantages of theinvention will become apparent from the following detailed description,taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate,by way of example, various features of embodiments of the invention.Indeed, the present invention is in no way limited to the methods andmaterials described. For convenience, certain terms employed herein, inthe specification, examples and appended claims are collected here.

Unless stated otherwise, or implicit from context, the following termsand phrases include the meanings provided below. Unless explicitlystated otherwise, or apparent from context, the terms and phrases belowdo not exclude the meaning that the term or phrase has acquired in theart to which it pertains. The definitions are provided to aid indescribing particular embodiments, and are not intended to limit theclaimed invention, because the scope of the invention is limited only bythe claims. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific termsused herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one ofordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

As used herein the term “comprising” or “comprises” is used in referenceto compositions, methods, and respective component(s) thereof, that areuseful to an embodiment, yet open to the inclusion of unspecifiedelements, whether useful or not. It will be understood by those withinthe art that, in general, terms used herein are generally intended as“open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as“including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpretedas “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as“includes but is not limited to,” etc.).

Unless stated otherwise, the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similarreferences used in the context of describing a particular embodiment ofthe application (especially in the context of claims) can be construedto cover both the singular and the plural. The recitation of ranges ofvalues herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method ofreferring individually to each separate value falling within the range.Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporatedinto the specification as if it were individually recited herein. Allmethods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unlessotherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (for example,“such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein isintended merely to better illuminate the application and does not pose alimitation on the scope of the application otherwise claimed. Theabbreviation, “e.g.” is derived from the Latin exempli gratia, and isused herein to indicate a non-limiting example. Thus, the abbreviation“e.g.” is synonymous with the term “for example.” No language in thespecification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed elementessential to the practice of the application.

As used herein, a “subject” means a human or animal. The terms“individual” and “subject” are used interchangeably herein. In anembodiment, the subject is a mammal, and in another embodiment, ishuman.

The term “statistically significant” or “significantly” refers tostatistical evidence that there is a difference. It is defined as theprobability of making a decision to reject the null hypothesis when thenull hypothesis is actually true. The decision is often made using thep-value.

As used herein, the term “administering” refers to the placement of acomposition as disclosed herein into a subject by a method or routewhich results in at least partial localization of the composition at adesired site. “Route of administration” may refer to any administrationpathway known in the art, including but not limited to aerosol, nasal,oral, transmucosal, transdermal, parenteral, enteral, topical or local.Via the enteral route, the compositions can be in the form of tablets,gel capsules, sugar-coated tablets, syrups, suspensions, solutions,powders, granules, emulsions, microspheres or nanospheres or lipidvesicles or polymer vesicles allowing controlled release. In anembodiment, the compositions are provided in a powder form and mixedwith a liquid, such as water, to form a beverage. In accordance with thepresent invention, “administering” can be self-administering. Forexample, it is considered as “administering” that a subject consumes acomposition as disclosed herein.

Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used inconnection with the present application shall have the meanings that arecommonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which thisdisclosure belongs. It should be understood that this invention is notlimited to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents, etc.,described herein and as such can vary. The terminology used herein isfor the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is notintended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is definedsolely by the claims.

The present invention provides various compositions (i.e., the formulasdescribed herein) for improving exercise performance and/or recovery.The compositions may include one or more types of ingredients, includingbut not limited to plant products, algae, vitamins, minerals, proteinsources, sulfur sources, and other nutrients.

Examples of plant products include but are not limited to Barley grass,Kamut grass, Hydrilla, Spinach, Whole flax seed meal, Chia seed, Grapeseed extract, Pea fiber, Wheat grass, Oat grass, Sprouted amaranth,Sprouted quinoa, Green tea extract, Yacon root, Sacha inchi, and Applefiber. Other plant products which provide beneficial phytochemicals andnutrients that the body needs may be used as well. The compositionsdescribed herein may include one or more plant products. The plantproducts may be provided in powdered form. The plant products may beprovided as a blend or mixture.

Examples of algae include but are not limited to Blue green algae,Chlorella, and Spirulina. Other algae species which have similarbeneficial effects as the ones listed here may be used as well. Thecompositions described herein may include one or more algae species. Thealgae may be provided in powdered form. The algae may be provided as ablend or mixture.

Example of vitamins and minerals include but are not limited to VitaminA (as beta carotene and palmitate), Vitamin C (as ascorbic acid),Vitamin D (as cholecalciferol), Vitamin E (as d-alpha tocopherylsuccinate), Vitamin K1 (as phytonadione), Vitamin B1 (as thiamin HCl andmononitrate), Calcium (as dicalcium phosphate), Phosphorus (as dicalciumphosphate), Magnesium (as oxide), Copper (as copper oxide and AAchelate), Chromium (as chromium amino acid chelate and picolinate),Vitamin B2 (as riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (as riacin), Vitamin B6 (aspyridoxine HCl), Vitamin B12, Biotin, Pantothenic acid (as d-calciumpantothenate), Iodine (as kelp and potassium iodine), Zinc (as zincoxide and sulfate), Manganese (as manganese amino acid chelate), andMolybdenum (as sodium molybdenate). The compositions described hereinmay include one or more vitamins and minerals. The vitamins and mineralsmay be provided in powdered form. The vitamins and minerals may beprovided as a blend or mixture.

Example of protein sources include but are not limited to pea protein,casein, and whey protein (isolate). One non-limiting example of sulfursources is methylsulfonylmethane (MSM).

Various flavor ingredients may be added to enhance the flavor of thecomposition, such as fruit powders. In one embodiment, a fruity or berryflavor may be imparted on the composition by adding any one or acombination of banana, carrot, orange, pineapple, raspberry, andstrawberry powders. In another embodiment, a chocolate flavor may beimparted by adding any one or a combination of chocolate, cocoa, andcinnamon powders. The relative concentration the flavor ingredients inthe formulation may be altered based on the desired taste. It isunderstood that additional ingredients may be added as flavoringredients, so long as they do not interfere with composition's effectof improving exercise performance and/or recovery.

In various embodiments, the quercetin ingredient used in a compositionas described herein has a potency or purity of about 70-75%, 75-80%,80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, or 95-100% for quercetin. In certainembodiments, the quercetin ingredient used in a composition as describedherein is quercetin 95%. In certain embodiments, the quercetiningredient used in a composition as described herein is quercetin 99.5%.

In various embodiments, the pomegranate extract/powder ingredient usedin a composition as described herein has a potency or purity of about50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%,or 95-100% for polyphenols. In certain embodiments, the pomegranateextract/powder ingredient used in a composition as described herein ispomegranate extract/extract 75% polyphenols.

In various embodiments, the tart cherry extract/powder ingredient usedin a composition as described herein has a potency or purity of about70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, or 95-100% for anthocyanins. Incertain embodiments, the tart cherry extract/powder ingredient used in acomposition as described herein is tart cherry extract/powder 85%anthocyanins.

In various embodiments, the green tea extract/powder (or naturalcaffeine) ingredient used in a composition as described herein has apotency or purity of about 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%,50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, or 70-75% for caffeine. In certainembodiments, the green tea extract/powder (or natural caffeine)ingredient used in a composition as described herein is green teaextract 50% natural caffeine.

In various embodiments, the whey protein (or whey protein isolate)ingredient used in a composition as described herein has a potency orpurity of about 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, or 95-100% forprotein. In certain embodiments, the whey protein (or whey proteinisolate) ingredient used in a composition as described herein is wheyprotein isolate 90%.

In various embodiments, the pea protein (or pea protein isolate)ingredient used in a composition as described herein has a potency orpurity of about 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%,or 95-100% for protein. In some embodiments, the pea protein (or peaprotein isolate) ingredient used in a composition as described herein ispea protein 80%. In some embodiments, the pea protein ingredient used ina composition as described herein is micronized. In some embodiments,the pea protein (or pea protein isolate) ingredient used in acomposition as described herein is pea protein 80%—micronized.

In various embodiments, the cocoa powder ingredient used in acomposition as described herein has a potency or purity of about 5-10%,10-15%, 15-20%, 20-23%, 23-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, or 35-40% for protein.In certain embodiments, the cocoa powder ingredient used in acomposition as described herein is cocoa powder 23% protein.

In various embodiments, the magnesium citrate ingredient used in acomposition as described herein has a potency or purity of about 5-10%,10-15%, 15-16%, 16-20%, 20-25%, or 25-30%, for Mg. In certainembodiments, the magnesium citrate ingredient used in a composition asdescribed herein is magnesium citrate 16% Mg.

In various embodiments, the sodium citrate ingredient used in acomposition as described herein has a potency or purity of about 5-10%,10-15%, 15-20%, 20-23%, 23-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, or 35-40% for Na. Incertain embodiments, the sodium citrate ingredient used in a compositionas described herein is sodium citrate 23% Na.

In various embodiments, the sodium chloride ingredient used in acomposition as described herein has a potency or purity of about 20-25%,25-30%, 30-35%, 35-39%, 39-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, or 50-55% for Na. Incertain embodiments, the sodium chloride ingredient used in acomposition as described herein is sodium chloride 39% Na.

In various embodiments, the potassium citrate ingredient used in acomposition as described herein has a potency or purity of about 20-25%,25-30%, 30-35%, 35-36%, 36-40%, 40-45%, 45-50% or 50-55% for K. Incertain embodiments, the potassium citrate ingredient used in acomposition as described herein is potassium citrate 36% K.

Compositions of the Invention

Before Exercise

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery. Ingredients of thecomposition may include but are not limited to sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)), citric acid, beta alanine, quercetin, sodiumcitrate, stevia and/or stevia leaf extract, fruit flavor (e.g.,lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple,grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors), green tea extract and/ornatural caffeine, sodium chloride, magnesium citrate, silicon dioxide,potassium citrate, calcium citrate, and dextrose.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery. The composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more orall of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, andsucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), citric acid, betaalanine, quercetin, sodium citrate, stevia and/or stevia leaf extract,fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange, pineapple,pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors), green teaextract and/or natural caffeine, sodium chloride, magnesium citrate,silicon dioxide, potassium citrate, calcium citrate, and dextrose.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery. The composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more orall of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, andsucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), citric acid, betaalanine, quercetin, sodium citrate, stevia and/or stevia leaf extract,fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange, pineapple,pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors), green teaextract and/or natural caffeine, sodium chloride, magnesium citrate,silicon dioxide, potassium citrate, and calcium citrate.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery. The composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more orall of: citric acid, beta alanine, quercetin, sodium citrate, steviaand/or stevia leaf extract, fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange,mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus andother fruit flavors), green tea extract and/or natural caffeine,potassium citrate, and dextrose.

In various embodiments, the sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose,maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar))is granulated sugar. In various embodiments, the citric acid is citricacid granular. In various embodiments, the beta alanine is beta alaninecompound solution. In various embodiments, the quercetin is quercetinanhydrous, quercetin 95%, quercetin 99.5%, or quercetin dehydrate. Invarious embodiments, the sodium citrate is sodium citrate (23% Na). Invarious embodiments, the fruit flavor is lemonade flavor. In variousembodiments, the green tea extract and/or natural caffeine is green teaextract 50% natural caffeine. In various embodiments, the magnesiumcitrate is magnesium citrate 16% Mg. In various embodiments, thepotassium citrate is potassium citrate 36% K or potassium citrate (35.6%K). In various embodiments, the calcium citrate is calcium citratetetrahydrate.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery. The composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more orall of: granulated sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose,lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), citricacid granular, beta alanine, quercetin anhydrous, sodium citrate,stevia, fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange,pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors),green tea extract, sodium chloride, magnesium citrate, silicon dioxide,potassium citrate, and calcium citrate tetrahydrate.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery. The composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more orall of: citric acid, beta alanine compound solution, quercetin, sodiumcitrate, stevia, fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarinorange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruitflavors), green tea extract, potassium citrate, and dextrose.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose,galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar andbeet sugar)) at about 30.3-31.9%, 31.9-33.4%, 33.4-34.9%, 34.9-36.4%,36.4-37.9%, 37.9-39.4%, 39.4-41.0%, 41.0-42.5%, 42.5-44.0%, or44.0-45.5%, or about 37.9% by weight or volume. In various embodiments,the composition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or mayconsist of citric acid at about 13.3-14.0%, 14.0-14.7%, 14.7-15.3%,15.3-16.0%, 16.0-16.7%, 16.7-17.3%, 17.3-18.0%, 18.0-18.7%, 18.7-19.3%,or 19.3-20.0%, or about 16.7% by weight or volume. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of beta alanine at about 10.7-11.2%, 11.2-11.7%,11.7-12.3%, 12.3-12.8%, 12.8-13.3%, 13.3-13.9%, 13.9-14.4%, 14.4-14.9%,14.9-15.5%, or 15.5-16.0%, or about 13.3% by weight or volume. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of quercetin at about 6.70-7.04%,7.04-7.37%, 7.37-7.71%, 7.71-8.04%, 8.04-8.38%, 8.38-8.71%, 8.71-9.05%,9.05-9.38%, 9.38-9.72%, or 9.72-10.05%, or about 8.38% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of sodium citrate at about3.77-3.96%, 3.96-4.14%, 4.14-4.33%, 4.33-4.52%, 4.52-4.71%, 4.71-4.90%,4.90-5.09%, 5.09-5.28%, 5.28-5.46%, or 5.46-5.65%, or about 4.71% byweight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of stevia and/or steviaextract at about 3.07-3.22%, 3.22-3.37%, 3.37-3.53%, 3.53-3.68%,3.68-3.83%, 3.83-3.99%, 3.99-4.14%, 4.14-4.29%, 4.29-4.45%, or4.45-4.60%, or about 3.83% by weight or volume. In various embodiments,the composition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or mayconsist of fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange,pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors)at about 2.67-2.80%, 2.80-2.93%, 2.93-3.07%, 3.07-3.20%, 3.20-3.33%,3.33-3.47%, 3.47-3.60%, 3.60-3.73%, 3.73-3.87%, or 3.87-4.00%, or about3.33% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition maycomprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of green teaextract and/or natural caffeine at about 2.67-2.80%, 2.80-2.93%,2.93-3.07%, 3.07-3.20%, 3.20-3.33%, 3.33-3.47%, 3.47-3.60%, 3.60-3.73%,3.73-3.87%, or 3.87-4.00%, or about 3.33% by weight or volume. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of sodium chloride at about 1.71-1.79%,1.79-1.88%, 1.88-1.97%, 1.97-2.05%, 2.05-2.14%, 2.14-2.22%, 2.22-2.31%,2.31-2.39%, 2.39-2.48%, or 2.48-2.56%, or about 2.14% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of magnesium citrate at about1.67-1.75%, 1.75-1.83%, 1.83-1.92%, 1.92-2.00%, 2.00-2.08%, 2.08-2.17%,2.17-2.25%, 2.25-2.33%, 2.33-2.42%, or 2.42-2.50%, or about 2.08% byweight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of silicon dioxide atabout 1.60-1.68%, 1.68-1.76%, 1.76-1.84%, 1.84-1.92%, 1.92-2.00%,2.00-2.08%, 2.08-2.16%, 2.16-2.24%, 2.24-2.32%, or 2.32-2.40%, or about2.00% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition maycomprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of potassiumcitrate at about 1.50-1.57%, 1.57-1.65%, 1.65-1.72%, 1.72-1.80%,1.80-1.87%, 1.87-1.95%, 1.95-2.02%, 2.02-2.10%, 2.10-2.17%, or2.17-2.25%, or about 1.87% by weight or volume. In various embodiments,the composition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or mayconsist of calcium citrate at about 0.317-0.333%, 0.333-0.349%,0.349-0.365%, 0.365-0.381%, 0.381-0.397%, 0.397-0.413%, 0.413-0.429%,0.429-0.444%, 0.444-0.460%, or 0.460-0.476%, or about 0.397% by weightor volume. In some embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of theseingredients. In other embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose,and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about30.3-31.9%, 31.9-33.4%, 33.4-34.9%, 34.9-36.4%, 36.4-37.9%, 37.9-39.4%,39.4-41.0%, 41.0-42.5%, 42.5-44.0%, or 44.0-45.5%, or about 37.9% byweight or volume; citric acid at about 13.3-14.0%, 14.0-14.7%,14.7-15.3%, 15.3-16.0%, 16.0-16.7%, 16.7-17.3%, 17.3-18.0%, 18.0-18.7%,18.7-19.3%, or 19.3-20.0%, or about 16.7% by weight or volume; betaalanine at about 10.7-11.2%, 11.2-11.7%, 11.7-12.3%, 12.3-12.8%,12.8-13.3%, 13.3-13.9%, 13.9-14.4%, 14.4-14.9%, 14.9-15.5%, or15.5-16.0%, or about 13.3% by weight or volume; quercetin at about6.70-7.04%, 7.04-7.37%, 7.37-7.71%, 7.71-8.04%, 8.04-8.38%, 8.38-8.71%,8.71-9.05%, 9.05-9.38%, 9.38-9.72%, or 9.72-10.05%, or about 8.38% byweight or volume; sodium citrate at about 3.77-3.96%, 3.96-4.14%,4.14-4.33%, 4.33-4.52%, 4.52-4.71%, 4.71-4.90%, 4.90-5.09%, 5.09-5.28%,5.28-5.46%, or 5.46-5.65%, or about 4.71% by weight or volume; steviaand/or stevia extract at about 3.07-3.22%, 3.22-3.37%, 3.37-3.53%,3.53-3.68%, 3.68-3.83%, 3.83-3.99%, 3.99-4.14%, 4.14-4.29%, 4.29-4.45%,or 4.45-4.60%, or about 3.83% by weight or volume; fruit flavor (e.g.,lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple,grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors) at about 2.67-2.80%,2.80-2.93%, 2.93-3.07%, 3.07-3.20%, 3.20-3.33%, 3.33-3.47%, 3.47-3.60%,3.60-3.73%, 3.73-3.87%, or 3.87-4.00%, or about 3.33% by weight orvolume; green tea extract and/or natural caffeine at about 2.67-2.80%,2.80-2.93%, 2.93-3.07%, 3.07-3.20%, 3.20-3.33%, 3.33-3.47%, 3.47-3.60%,3.60-3.73%, 3.73-3.87%, or 3.87-4.00%, or about 3.33% by weight orvolume; sodium chloride at about 1.71-1.79%, 1.79-1.88%, 1.88-1.97%,1.97-2.05%, 2.05-2.14%, 2.14-2.22%, 2.22-2.31%, 2.31-2.39%, 2.39-2.48%,or 2.48-2.56%, or about 2.14% by weight or volume; magnesium citrate atabout 1.67-1.75%, 1.75-1.83%, 1.83-1.92%, 1.92-2.00%, 2.00-2.08%,2.08-2.17%, 2.17-2.25%, 2.25-2.33%, 2.33-2.42%, or 2.42-2.50%, or about2.08% by weight or volume; silicon dioxide at about 1.60-1.68%,1.68-1.76%, 1.76-1.84%, 1.84-1.92%, 1.92-2.00%, 2.00-2.08%, 2.08-2.16%,2.16-2.24%, 2.24-2.32%, or 2.32-2.40%, or about 2.00% by weight orvolume; potassium citrate at about 1.50-1.57%, 1.57-1.65%, 1.65-1.72%,1.72-1.80%, 1.80-1.87%, 1.87-1.95%, 1.95-2.02%, 2.02-2.10%, 2.10-2.17%,or 2.17-2.25%, or about 1.87% by weight or volume; and calcium citrateat about 0.317-0.333%, 0.333-0.349%, 0.349-0.365%, 0.365-0.381%,0.381-0.397%, 0.397-0.413%, 0.413-0.429%, 0.429-0.444%, 0.444-0.460%, or0.460-0.476%, or about 0.397% by weight or volume. In some embodiments,the composition may consist of or may comprise or may consistessentially of one or more or all of these ingredients. In otherembodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of citric acid at about 8.4-8.8%,8.8-9.3%, 9.3-9.7%, 9.7-10.1%, 10.1-10.5%, 10.5-10.9%, 10.9-11.4%,11.4-11.8%, 11.8-12.2%, or 12.2-12.6%, or about 10.5% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of beta alanine at about13.5-14.1%, 14.1-14.8%, 14.8-15.5%, 15.5-16.2%, 16.2-16.8%, 16.8-17.5%,17.5-18.2%, 18.2-18.9%, 18.9-19.5%, or 19.5-20.2%, or about 16.8% byweight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of quercetin at about4.43-4.65%, 4.65-4.88%, 4.88-5.10%, 5.10-5.32%, 5.32-5.54%, 5.54-5.76%,5.76-5.98%, 5.98-6.21%, 6.21-6.43%, or 6.43-6.65%, or about 5.54% byweight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of sodium citrate at about8.4-8.8%, 8.8-9.3%, 9.3-9.7%, 9.7-10.1%, 10.1-10.5%, 10.5-10.9%,10.9-11.4%, 11.4-11.8%, 11.8-12.2%, or 12.2-12.6%, or about 10.5% byweight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of stevia and/or steviaextract at about 1.94-2.03%, 2.03-2.13%, 2.13-2.23%, 2.23-2.32%,2.32-2.42%, 2.42-2.52%, 2.52-2.61%, 2.61-2.71%, 2.71-2.81%, or2.81-2.91%, or about 2.42% by weight or volume. In various embodiments,the composition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or mayconsist of fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange,pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors)at about 1.68-1.77%, 1.77-1.85%, 1.85-1.94%, 1.94-2.02%, 2.02-2.11%,2.11-2.19%, 2.19-2.27%, 2.27-2.36%, 2.36-2.44%, or 2.44-2.53%, or about2.11% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition maycomprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of green teaextract and/or natural caffeine at about 1.68-1.77%, 1.77-1.85%,1.85-1.94%, 1.94-2.02%, 2.02-2.11%, 2.11-2.19%, 2.19-2.27%, 2.27-2.36%,2.36-2.44%, or 2.44-2.53%, or about 2.11% by weight or volume. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of potassium citrate at about 8.4-8.8%,8.8-9.3%, 9.3-9.7%, 9.7-10.1%, 10.1-10.5%, 10.5-10.9%, 10.9-11.4%,11.4-11.8%, 11.8-12.2%, or 12.2-12.6%, or about 10.5% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of dextrose at about 19.0-19.9%,19.9-20.9%, 20.9-21.8%, 21.8-22.7%, 22.7-23.7%, 23.7-24.6%, 24.6-25.6%,25.6-26.5%, 26.5-27.5%, or 27.5-28.4%, or about 23.7% by weight orvolume. In some embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of theseingredients. In other embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: citric acid at about 8.4-8.8%, 8.8-9.3%, 9.3-9.7%, 9.7-10.1%,10.1-10.5%, 10.5-10.9%, 10.9-11.4%, 11.4-11.8%, 11.8-12.2%, or12.2-12.6%, or about 10.5% by weight or volume; beta alanine at about13.5-14.1%, 14.1-14.8%, 14.8-15.5%, 15.5-16.2%, 16.2-16.8%, 16.8-17.5%,17.5-18.2%, 18.2-18.9%, 18.9-19.5%, or 19.5-20.2%, or about 16.8% byweight or volume; quercetin at about 4.43-4.65%, 4.65-4.88%, 4.88-5.10%,5.10-5.32%, 5.32-5.54%, 5.54-5.76%, 5.76-5.98%, 5.98-6.21%, 6.21-6.43%,or 6.43-6.65%, or about 5.54% by weight or volume; sodium citrate atabout 8.4-8.8%, 8.8-9.3%, 9.3-9.7%, 9.7-10.1%, 10.1-10.5%, 10.5-10.9%,10.9-11.4%, 11.4-11.8%, 11.8-12.2%, or 12.2-12.6%, or about 10.5% byweight or volume; stevia and/or stevia extract at about 1.94-2.03%,2.03-2.13%, 2.13-2.23%, 2.23-2.32%, 2.32-2.42%, 2.42-2.52%, 2.52-2.61%,2.61-2.71%, 2.71-2.81%, or 2.81-2.91%, or about 2.42% by weight orvolume; fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange,pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors)at about 1.68-1.77%, 1.77-1.85%, 1.85-1.94%, 1.94-2.02%, 2.02-2.11%,2.11-2.19%, 2.19-2.27%, 2.27-2.36%, 2.36-2.44%, or 2.44-2.53%, or about2.11% by weight or volume; green tea extract and/or natural caffeine atabout 1.68-1.77%, 1.77-1.85%, 1.85-1.94%, 1.94-2.02%, 2.02-2.11%,2.11-2.19%, 2.19-2.27%, 2.27-2.36%, 2.36-2.44%, or 2.44-2.53%, or about2.11% by weight or volume; potassium citrate at about 8.4-8.8%,8.8-9.3%, 9.3-9.7%, 9.7-10.1%, 10.1-10.5%, 10.5-10.9%, 10.9-11.4%,11.4-11.8%, 11.8-12.2%, or 12.2-12.6%, or about 10.5% by weight orvolume; and dextrose at about 19.0-19.9%, 19.9-20.9%, 20.9-21.8%,21.8-22.7%, 22.7-23.7%, 23.7-24.6%, 24.6-25.6%, 25.6-26.5%, 26.5-27.5%,or 27.5-28.4%, or about 23.7% by weight or volume. In some embodiments,the composition may consist of or may comprise or may consistessentially of one or more or all of these ingredients. In otherembodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose,galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar andbeet sugar)) at about 1.82-1.91, 1.91-2.00, 2.00-2.09, 2.09-2.18,2.18-2.28, 2.28-2.37, 2.37-2.46, 2.46-2.55, 2.55-2.64, or 2.64-2.73 g,or about 2.28 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of citric acid at about0.80-0.84, 0.84-0.88, 0.88-0.92, 0.92-0.96, 0.96-1.00, 1.00-1.04,1.04-1.08, 1.08-1.12, 1.12-1.16, or 1.16-1.20 g, or about 1.00 g. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of beta alanine at about 0.640-0.672,0.672-0.704, 0.704-0.736, 0.736-0.768, 0.768-0.800, 0.800-0.832,0.832-0.864, 0.864-0.896, 0.896-0.928, or 0.928-0.960 g, or about 0.800g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of quercetin at about 0.402-0.422,0.422-0.442, 0.442-0.462, 0.462-0.482, 0.482-0.503, 0.503-0.523,0.523-0.543, 0.543-0.563, 0.563-0.583, or 0.583-0.603 g, or about 0.503g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of sodium citrate at about 0.226-0.237,0.237-0.249, 0.249-0.260, 0.260-0.271, 0.271-0.283, 0.283-0.294,0.294-0.305, 0.305-0.317, 0.317-0.328, or 0.328-0.339 g, or about 0.283g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of stevia and/or stevia extract at about0.184-0.193, 0.193-0.202, 0.202-0.212, 0.212-0.221, 0.221-0.230,0.230-0.239, 0.239-0.248, 0.248-0.258, 0.258-0.267, or 0.267-0.276 g, orabout 0.230 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of fruit flavor (e.g.,lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple,grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors) at about 0.160-0.168,0.168-0.176, 0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192, 0.192-0.200, 0.200-0.208,0.208-0.216, 0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or 0.232-0.240 g, or about 0.200g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of green tea extract and/or naturalcaffeine at about 0.160-0.168, 0.168-0.176, 0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192,0.192-0.200, 0.200-0.208, 0.208-0.216, 0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or0.232-0.240 g, or about 0.200 g. In various embodiments, the compositionmay comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of sodiumchloride at about 0.103-0.108, 0.108-0.113, 0.113-0.118, 0.118-0.123,0.123-0.128, 0.128-0.133, 0.133-0.138, 0.138-0.144, 0.144-0.149, or0.149-0.154 g, or about 0.128 g. In various embodiments, the compositionmay comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of magnesiumcitrate at about 0.100-0.105, 0.105-0.110, 0.110-0.115, 0.115-0.120,0.120-0.125, 0.125-0.130, 0.130-0.135, 0.135-0.140, 0.140-0.145, or0.145-0.150 g, or about 0.125 g. In various embodiments, the compositionmay comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of silicondioxide at about 0.096-0.101, 0.101-0.106, 0.106-0.110, 0.110-0.115,0.115-0.120, 0.120-0.125, 0.125-0.130, 0.130-0.134, 0.134-0.139, or0.139-0.144 g, or about 0.120 g. In various embodiments, the compositionmay comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of potassiumcitrate at about 0.090-0.094, 0.094-0.099, 0.099-0.103, 0.103-0.108,0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.117, 0.117-0.121, 0.121-0.126, 0.126-0.130, or0.130-0.135 g, or about 0.112 g. In various embodiments, the compositionmay comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of calciumcitrate at about 0.0190-0.0200, 0.0200-0.0210, 0.0210-0.0219,0.0219-0.0229, 0.0229-0.0238, 0.0238-0.0248, 0.0248-0.0257,0.0257-0.0267, 0.0267-0.0276, or 0.0276-0.0286 g, or about 0.02381 g. Insome embodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of one or more or all of these ingredients. In otherembodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose,and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about1.82-1.91, 1.91-2.00, 2.00-2.09, 2.09-2.18, 2.18-2.28, 2.28-2.37,2.37-2.46, 2.46-2.55, 2.55-2.64, or 2.64-2.73 g, or about 2.28 g; citricacid at about 0.80-0.84, 0.84-0.88, 0.88-0.92, 0.92-0.96, 0.96-1.00,1.00-1.04, 1.04-1.08, 1.08-1.12, 1.12-1.16, or 1.16-1.20 g, or about1.00 g; beta alanine at about 0.640-0.672, 0.672-0.704, 0.704-0.736,0.736-0.768, 0.768-0.800, 0.800-0.832, 0.832-0.864, 0.864-0.896,0.896-0.928, or 0.928-0.960 g, or about 0.800 g; quercetin at about0.402-0.422, 0.422-0.442, 0.442-0.462, 0.462-0.482, 0.482-0.503,0.503-0.523, 0.523-0.543, 0.543-0.563, 0.563-0.583, or 0.583-0.603 g, orabout 0.503 g; sodium citrate at about 0.226-0.237, 0.237-0.249,0.249-0.260, 0.260-0.271, 0.271-0.283, 0.283-0.294, 0.294-0.305,0.305-0.317, 0.317-0.328, or 0.328-0.339 g, or about 0.283 g; steviaand/or stevia extract at about 0.184-0.193, 0.193-0.202, 0.202-0.212,0.212-0.221, 0.221-0.230, 0.230-0.239, 0.239-0.248, 0.248-0.258,0.258-0.267, or 0.267-0.276 g, or about 0.230 g; fruit flavor (e.g.,lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple,grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors) at about 0.160-0.168,0.168-0.176, 0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192, 0.192-0.200, 0.200-0.208,0.208-0.216, 0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or 0.232-0.240 g, or about 0.200g; green tea extract and/or natural caffeine at about 0.160-0.168,0.168-0.176, 0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192, 0.192-0.200, 0.200-0.208,0.208-0.216, 0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or 0.232-0.240 g, or about 0.200g; sodium chloride at about 0.103-0.108, 0.108-0.113, 0.113-0.118,0.118-0.123, 0.123-0.128, 0.128-0.133, 0.133-0.138, 0.138-0.144,0.144-0.149, or 0.149-0.154 g, or about 0.128 g; magnesium citrate atabout 0.100-0.105, 0.105-0.110, 0.110-0.115, 0.115-0.120, 0.120-0.125,0.125-0.130, 0.130-0.135, 0.135-0.140, 0.140-0.145, or 0.145-0.150 g, orabout 0.125 g; silicon dioxide at about 0.096-0.101, 0.101-0.106,0.106-0.110, 0.110-0.115, 0.115-0.120, 0.120-0.125, 0.125-0.130,0.130-0.134, 0.134-0.139, or 0.139-0.144 g, or about 0.120 g; potassiumcitrate at about 0.090-0.094, 0.094-0.099, 0.099-0.103, 0.103-0.108,0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.117, 0.117-0.121, 0.121-0.126, 0.126-0.130, or0.130-0.135 g, or about 0.112 g; and calcium citrate at about0.0190-0.0200, 0.0200-0.0210, 0.0210-0.0219, 0.0219-0.0229,0.0229-0.0238, 0.0238-0.0248, 0.0248-0.0257, 0.0257-0.0267,0.0267-0.0276, or 0.0276-0.0286 g, or about 0.02381 g. In someembodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of one or more or all of these ingredients. In otherembodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of citric acid at about 0.80-0.84,0.84-0.88, 0.88-0.92, 0.92-0.96, 0.96-1.00, 1.00-1.04, 1.04-1.08,1.08-1.12, 1.12-1.16, or 1.16-1.20 g, or about 1.00 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of beta alanine at about 1.28-1.34, 1.34-1.41,1.41-1.47, 1.47-1.54, 1.54-1.60, 1.60-1.66, 1.66-1.73, 1.73-1.79,1.79-1.86, or 1.86-1.92 g, or about 1.60 g. In various embodiments, thecomposition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consistof quercetin at about 0.421-0.442, 0.442-0.463, 0.463-0.484,0.484-0.505, 0.505-0.526, 0.526-0.547, 0.547-0.568, 0.568-0.589,0.589-0.611, or 0.611-0.632 g, or about 0.526 g. In various embodiments,the composition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or mayconsist of sodium citrate at about 0.80-0.84, 0.84-0.88, 0.88-0.92,0.92-0.96, 0.96-1.00, 1.00-1.04, 1.04-1.08, 1.08-1.12, 1.12-1.16, or1.16-1.20 g, or about 1.00 g. In various embodiments, the compositionmay comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of steviaand/or stevia extract at about 0.184-0.193, 0.193-0.202, 0.202-0.212,0.212-0.221, 0.221-0.230, 0.230-0.239, 0.239-0.248, 0.248-0.258,0.258-0.267, or 0.267-0.276 g, or about 0.230 g. In various embodiments,the composition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or mayconsist of fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange,pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors)at about 0.160-0.168, 0.168-0.176, 0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192,0.192-0.200, 0.200-0.208, 0.208-0.216, 0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or0.232-0.240 g, or about 0.200 g. In various embodiments, the compositionmay comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of green teaextract and/or natural caffeine at about 0.160-0.168, 0.168-0.176,0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192, 0.192-0.200, 0.200-0.208, 0.208-0.216,0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or 0.232-0.240 g, or about 0.200 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of potassium citrate at about 0.80-0.84, 0.84-0.88,0.88-0.92, 0.92-0.96, 0.96-1.00, 1.00-1.04, 1.04-1.08, 1.08-1.12,1.12-1.16, or 1.16-1.20 g, or about 1.00 g. In various embodiments, thecomposition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consistof dextrose at about 1.80-1.89, 1.89-1.98, 1.98-2.07, 2.07-2.16,2.16-2.25, 2.25-2.34, 2.34-2.43, 2.43-2.52, 2.52-2.61, or 2.61-2.70 g,or about 2.25 g. In some embodiments, the composition may consist of ormay comprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of theseingredients. In other embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: citric acid at about 0.80-0.84, 0.84-0.88, 0.88-0.92,0.92-0.96, 0.96-1.00, 1.00-1.04, 1.04-1.08, 1.08-1.12, 1.12-1.16, or1.16-1.20 g, or about 1.00 g; beta alanine at about 1.28-1.34,1.34-1.41, 1.41-1.47, 1.47-1.54, 1.54-1.60, 1.60-1.66, 1.66-1.73,1.73-1.79, 1.79-1.86, or 1.86-1.92 g, or about 1.60 g; quercetin atabout 0.421-0.442, 0.442-0.463, 0.463-0.484, 0.484-0.505, 0.505-0.526,0.526-0.547, 0.547-0.568, 0.568-0.589, 0.589-0.611, or 0.611-0.632 g, orabout 0.526 g; sodium citrate at about 0.80-0.84, 0.84-0.88, 0.88-0.92,0.92-0.96, 0.96-1.00, 1.00-1.04, 1.04-1.08, 1.08-1.12, 1.12-1.16, or1.16-1.20 g, or about 1.00 g; stevia and/or stevia extract at about0.184-0.193, 0.193-0.202, 0.202-0.212, 0.212-0.221, 0.221-0.230,0.230-0.239, 0.239-0.248, 0.248-0.258, 0.258-0.267, or 0.267-0.276 g, orabout 0.230 g; fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarinorange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruitflavors) at about 0.160-0.168, 0.168-0.176, 0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192,0.192-0.200, 0.200-0.208, 0.208-0.216, 0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or0.232-0.240 g, or about 0.200 g; green tea extract and/or naturalcaffeine at about 0.160-0.168, 0.168-0.176, 0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192,0.192-0.200, 0.200-0.208, 0.208-0.216, 0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or0.232-0.240 g, or about 0.200 g; potassium citrate at about 0.80-0.84,0.84-0.88, 0.88-0.92, 0.92-0.96, 0.96-1.00, 1.00-1.04, 1.04-1.08,1.08-1.12, 1.12-1.16, or 1.16-1.20 g, or about 1.00 g; and dextrose atabout 1.80-1.89, 1.89-1.98, 1.98-2.07, 2.07-2.16, 2.16-2.25, 2.25-2.34,2.34-2.43, 2.43-2.52, 2.52-2.61, or 2.61-2.70 g, or about 2.25 g. Insome embodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of one or more or all of these ingredients. In otherembodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition as disclosed hereincomprise about 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11,11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, 15-16, 16-17, 17-18, 18-19, 19-20, 20-21,21-22, 22-23, 23-24, 24-25, 25-26, 26-27, 27-28, 28-29, 29-30, 30-31,31-32, 32-33, 33-34, 34-35, 35-36, 36-37, 37-38, 38-39, 39-40, 40-41,41-42, 42-43, 43-44, 44-45, 45-46, 46-47, 47-48, 48-49, 49-50, 50-51,51-52, 52-53, 53-54, 54-55, 55-56, 56-57, 57-58, 58-59, 59-60, 60-61,61-62, 62-63, 63-64, 64-65, 65-66, 66-67, 67-68, 68-69, 69-70, 70-71,71-72, 72-73, 73-74, 74-75, 75-76, 76-77, 77-78, 78-79, 79-80, 80-81,81-82, 82-83, 83-84, 84-85, 85-86, 86-87, 87-88, 88-89, 89-90, 90-91,91-92, 92-93, 93-94, 94-95, 95-96, 96-97, 97-98, 98-99, or 99-100 g ofthe composition. In one embodiment, one serving of a composition asdisclosed herein comprises about 6 g of the composition. In anotherembodiment, one serving of a composition as disclosed herein comprisesabout 9.5 g of the composition.

In one embodiment, one spoon/level scoop of a composition describedherein is one serving of the composition. In another embodiment, twospoons/level scoops of a composition described herein are one serving ofthe composition. In still another embodiment, three or more spoons/levelscoops of a composition described herein are one serving of thecomposition. In various embodiments, one serving of a composition asdisclosed herein is packaged as one packet, tube, vial, pouch, or bag.In various embodiments, two servings of a composition as disclosedherein are packaged as one packet, tube, vial, pouch, or bag. In variousembodiments, three or more servings of a composition as disclosed hereinare packaged as one packet, tube, vial, pouch, or bag.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition as disclosed iscombined with about 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11,11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, or 15-16 fl. oz. water or any other suitabledrinking liquid before being administrated to a subject.

In some embodiments, 1 serving of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject, for example, if the subject's body weight isbelow about 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, or 190 pounds. In oneembodiment, 1 serving of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject having a body weight below 160 pounds. Inother embodiments, 2 servings of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject at one time, for example, if the subject'sbody weight is at or above about 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, or 190pounds. In one embodiment, 2 servings of a composition described hereinmay be administered to a subject having a body weight at or above 160pounds.

In various embodiments, a subject consumes a composition describedherein before exercise. In various embodiments, the subject consumes acomposition described herein daily. As a non-limiting example, one, twoor three servings of a composition described herein (for example, about6, 12 or 18 g of the composition powder) is mixed with about 8, 16, or24 fl. oz. water or any other suitable drinking liquid; allowed to sitfor about one minute; mixed again if necessary; and consumed by asubject. In one embodiment, the composition is consumed by a subjectwithin a few minutes after preparation.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a composition. Thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more or all of: calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium,beta-alanine, quercetin and caffeine. In various embodiments, thecomposition may further comprise one or more or all of: sugar (e.g.,glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (forexample, cane sugar and beet sugar)), citric acid, stevia leaf extract,fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange, pineapple,pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors) and silica.In various embodiments, the calcium is in the form of calcium citrate,and/or calcium chloride, and/or any other suitable calcium salts orcalcium sources. In various embodiments, the magnesium is in the form ofmagnesium citrate, and/or magnesium chloride, and/or any other suitablemagnesium salts or magnesium sources. In various embodiments, the sodiumis in the form of sodium citrate, and/or sodium chloride, and/or anyother suitable sodium salts or sodium sources. In various embodiments,the potassium is in the form of potassium citrate, and/or chloride,and/or any other suitable potassium salts or potassium sources. Invarious embodiments, the quercetin is quercetin anhydrous. In variousembodiments, the natural caffeine is in the form of green tea extractand/or natural caffeine. In exemplary embodiments, per serving, thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more or all of: about 5 mg calcium, about 20 mg magnesium, about115 mg sodium, about 40 mg potassium, about 800 mg beta-alanine, about500 mg quercetin, and about 200 mg green tea extract or about 100 mgnatural caffeine. In exemplary embodiments, the composition may be usedto improve exercise performance and/or recovery. In some embodiments,the effective amount of the composition to improve exercise performanceand/or recovery is about 6 grams in a subject that weighs less than 160lbs and about 12 grams in a subject that weighs 160 lbs or more. In someembodiments, the effective amount of the composition is dissolved inwater. For example, in a subject that weighs less than 160 lbs, about 6grams of the composition is dissolved in 8 ounces of water; or in asubject that weighs 160 lbs or more, about 12 grams of the compositionis dissolved in 16 ounces of water. In some embodiments, the compositionis consumed within 30 minutes prior to exercise.

During Exercise

During exercise body temperature rises, and if one is not adequatelyhydrated, it can result in a drop in power and performance. Water aloneduring exercise isn't the most effective way to hydrate, and typicalsports drinks are filled with sugar and artificial ingredients that canactually dehydrate you and cause gastrointestinal discomfort. Foreffective hydration during exercise, the body requires an optimalbalance of sugar, electrolytes, and water. This balance is known as thefluid's osmolality. Various compositions as described herein combine anoptimal osmolality and specific electrolyte levels to maximize fluidabsorption and replace electrolytes lost during exercise. When used asdirected, these compositions have been specifically formulated to matchsweat losses and are completely customizable to training duration. Oneshould keep being hydrated to improve exercise effectiveness, recovery,and general wellbeing.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery. Ingredients of thecomposition may include but are not limited to sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)), dextrose, sodium citrate, citric acid,quercetin, magnesium citrate, silicon dioxide, potassium citrate,calcium citrate, fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarinorange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruitflavors), and stevia and/or stevia leaf extract. In various embodiments,the fruit flavor is natural orange or mandarin orange flavor.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery. The composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more orall of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, andsucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), dextrose, sodiumcitrate, citric acid, quercetin, magnesium citrate, silicon dioxide,potassium citrate, calcium citrate, fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon,orange, mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrusand other fruit flavors), and stevia and/or stevia leaf extract. Invarious embodiments, the fruit flavor is natural orange or mandarinorange flavor.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery. The composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more orall of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, andsucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), dextrose, sodiumcitrate, citric acid, quercetin, magnesium citrate, potassium citrate,calcium citrate, fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarinorange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruitflavors), and stevia and/or stevia leaf extract. In various embodiments,the fruit flavor is natural orange or mandarin orange flavor.

In various embodiments, the sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose,maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar))is granulated sugar. In various embodiments, the citric acid is citricacid granular. In various embodiments, the quercetin is quercetinanhydrous, quercetin 95%, quercetin 99.5%, or quercetin dehydrate. Invarious embodiments, the magnesium citrate is magnesium citrate 16% Mg.In various embodiments, the potassium citrate is potassium citrate 36%K. In various embodiments, the calcium citrate is calcium citratetetrahydrate. In various embodiments, the fruit flavor is natural orangeor mandarin orange flavor.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery. The composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more orall of: granulated sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose,lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)),dextrose, sodium citrate, citric acid granular, quercetin anhydrous,magnesium citrate, silicon dioxide, potassium citrate, calcium citratetetrahydrate, natural fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange,mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus andother fruit flavors), and stevia. In various embodiments, the fruitflavor is natural orange or mandarin orange flavor.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery. The composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more orall of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, andsucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), dextrose, sodiumcitrate, citric acid, quercetin 95%, magnesium citrate, potassiumcitrate, calcium citrate, fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange,mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus andother fruit flavors), and stevia. In various embodiments, the fruitflavor is natural orange or mandarin orange flavor.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose,galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar andbeet sugar)) at about 41.5-43.6%, 43.6-45.7%, 45.7-47.7%, 47.7-49.8%,49.8-51.9%, 51.9-54.0%, 54.0-56.0%, 56.0-58.1%, 58.1-60.2%, or60.2-62.3%, or about 51.9% by weight or volume. In various embodiments,the composition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or mayconsist of dextrose at about 20.9-21.9%, 21.9-23.0%, 23.0-24.0%,24.0-25.0%, 25.0-26.1%, 26.1-27.1%, 27.1-28.2%, 28.2-29.2%, 29.2-30.3%,or 30.3-31.3%, or about 26.1% by weight or volume. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of sodium citrate at about 6.96-7.30%, 7.30-7.65%,7.65-8.00%, 8.00-8.35%, 8.35-8.70%, 8.70-9.04%, 9.04-9.39%, 9.39-9.74%,9.74-10.09%, or 10.09-10.43%, or about 8.70% by weight or volume. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of citric acid at about 3.48-3.65%,3.65-3.83%, 3.83-4.00%, 4.00-4.17%, 4.17-4.35%, 4.35-4.52%, 4.52-4.70%,4.70-4.87%, 4.87-5.04%, or 5.04-5.22%, or about 4.35% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of quercetin at about 1.75-1.84%,1.84-1.92%, 1.92-2.01%, 2.01-2.10%, 2.10-2.18%, 2.18-2.27%, 2.27-2.36%,2.36-2.45%, 2.45-2.53%, or 2.53-2.62%, or about 2.18% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of magnesium citrate at about1.74-1.83%, 1.83-1.91%, 1.91-2.00%, 2.00-2.09%, 2.09-2.17%, 2.17-2.26%,2.26-2.35%, 2.35-2.43%, 2.43-2.52%, or 2.52-2.61%, or about 2.17% byweight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of silicon dioxide atabout 1.60-1.68%, 1.68-1.76%, 1.76-1.84%, 1.84-1.92%, 1.92-2.00%,2.00-2.08%, 2.08-2.16%, 2.16-2.24%, 2.24-2.32%, or 2.32-2.40%, or about2.00% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition maycomprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of potassiumcitrate at about 1.56-1.64%, 1.64-1.72%, 1.72-1.80%, 1.80-1.88%,1.88-1.95%, 1.95-2.03%, 2.03-2.11%, 2.11-2.19%, 2.19-2.27%, or2.27-2.34%, or about 1.95% by weight or volume. In various embodiments,the composition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or mayconsist of calcium citrate at about 0.331-0.348%, 0.348-0.364%,0.364-0.381%, 0.381-0.398%, 0.398-0.414%, 0.414-0.431%, 0.431-0.447%,0.447-0.464%, 0.464-0.480%, or 0.480-0.497%, or about 0.414% by weightor volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade,lemon, orange, mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry,citrus and other fruit flavors) at about 0.139-0.146%, 0.146-0.153%,0.153-0.160%, 0.160-0.167%, 0.167-0.174%, 0.174-0.181%, 0.181-0.188%,0.188-0.195%, 0.195-0.202%, or 0.202-0.209%, or about 0.174% by weightor volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of stevia and/or stevia leafextract at about 0.0696-0.0730%, 0.0730-0.0765%, 0.0765-0.0800%,0.0800-0.0835%, 0.0835-0.0870%, 0.0870-0.0904%, 0.0904-0.0939%,0.0939-0.0974%, 0.0974-0.1009%, or 0.1009-0.1043%, or about 0.0870% byweight or volume. In some embodiments, the composition may consist of ormay comprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of theseingredients. In other embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose,and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about41.5-43.6%, 43.6-45.7%, 45.7-47.7%, 47.7-49.8%, 49.8-51.9%, 51.9-54.0%,54.0-56.0%, 56.0-58.1%, 58.1-60.2%, or 60.2-62.3%, or about 51.9% byweight or volume; dextrose at about 20.9-21.9%, 21.9-23.0%, 23.0-24.0%,24.0-25.0%, 25.0-26.1%, 26.1-27.1%, 27.1-28.2%, 28.2-29.2%, 29.2-30.3%,or 30.3-31.3%, or about 26.1% by weight or volume; sodium citrate atabout 6.96-7.30%, 7.30-7.65%, 7.65-8.00%, 8.00-8.35%, 8.35-8.70%,8.70-9.04%, 9.04-9.39%, 9.39-9.74%, 9.74-10.09%, or 10.09-10.43%, orabout 8.70% by weight or volume; citric acid at about 3.48-3.65%,3.65-3.83%, 3.83-4.00%, 4.00-4.17%, 4.17-4.35%, 4.35-4.52%, 4.52-4.70%,4.70-4.87%, 4.87-5.04%, or 5.04-5.22%, or about 4.35% by weight orvolume; quercetin at about 1.75-1.84%, 1.84-1.92%, 1.92-2.01%,2.01-2.10%, 2.10-2.18%, 2.18-2.27%, 2.27-2.36%, 2.36-2.45%, 2.45-2.53%,or 2.53-2.62%, or about 2.18% by weight or volume; magnesium citrate atabout 1.74-1.83%, 1.83-1.91%, 1.91-2.00%, 2.00-2.09%, 2.09-2.17%,2.17-2.26%, 2.26-2.35%, 2.35-2.43%, 2.43-2.52%, or 2.52-2.61%, or about2.17% by weight or volume; silicon dioxide at about 1.60-1.68%,1.68-1.76%, 1.76-1.84%, 1.84-1.92%, 1.92-2.00%, 2.00-2.08%, 2.08-2.16%,2.16-2.24%, 2.24-2.32%, or 2.32-2.40%, or about 2.00% by weight orvolume; potassium citrate at about 1.56-1.64%, 1.64-1.72%, 1.72-1.80%,1.80-1.88%, 1.88-1.95%, 1.95-2.03%, 2.03-2.11%, 2.11-2.19%, 2.19-2.27%,or 2.27-2.34%, or about 1.95% by weight or volume; calcium citrate atabout 0.331-0.348%, 0.348-0.364%, 0.364-0.381%, 0.381-0.398%,0.398-0.414%, 0.414-0.431%, 0.431-0.447%, 0.447-0.464%, 0.464-0.480%, or0.480-0.497%, or about 0.414% by weight or volume; fruit flavor (e.g.,lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple,grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors) at about 0.139-0.146%,0.146-0.153%, 0.153-0.160%, 0.160-0.167%, 0.167-0.174%, 0.174-0.181%,0.181-0.188%, 0.188-0.195%, 0.195-0.202%, or 0.202-0.209%, or about0.174% by weight or volume; and stevia and/or stevia leaf extract atabout 0.0696-0.0730%, 0.0730-0.0765%, 0.0765-0.0800%, 0.0800-0.0835%,0.0835-0.0870%, 0.0870-0.0904%, 0.0904-0.0939%, 0.0939-0.0974%,0.0974-0.1009%, or 0.1009-0.1043%, or about 0.0870% by weight or volume.In some embodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise ormay consist essentially of one or more or all of these ingredients. Inother embodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose,galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar andbeet sugar)) at about 31.4-32.9%, 32.9-34.5%, 34.5-36.1%, 36.1-37.6%,37.6-39.2%, 39.2-40.8%, 40.8-42.3%, 42.3-43.9%, 43.9-45.5%, or45.5-47.0%, or about 39.2% by weight or volume. In various embodiments,the composition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or mayconsist of dextrose at about 33.5-35.1%, 35.1-36.8%, 36.8-38.5%,38.5-40.1%, 40.1-41.8%, 41.8-43.5%, 43.5-45.2%, 45.2-46.8%, 46.8-48.5%,or 48.5-50.2%, or about 41.8% by weight or volume. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of sodium citrate at about 6.97-7.32%, 7.32-7.67%,7.67-8.02%, 8.02-8.36%, 8.36-8.71%, 8.71-9.06%, 9.06-9.41%, 9.41-9.76%,9.76-10.11%, or 10.11-10.46%, or about 8.71% by weight or volume. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of citric acid at about 3.49-3.66%,3.66-3.83%, 3.83-4.01%, 4.01-4.18%, 4.18-4.36%, 4.36-4.53%, 4.53-4.70%,4.70-4.88%, 4.88-5.05%, or 5.05-5.23%, or about 4.36% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of quercetin at about 1.74-1.83%,1.83-1.92%, 1.92-2.00%, 2.00-2.09%, 2.09-2.18%, 2.18-2.27%, 2.27-2.35%,2.35-2.44%, 2.44-2.53%, or 2.53-2.61%, or about 2.18% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of magnesium citrate at about0.87-0.91%, 0.91-0.96%, 0.96-1.00%, 1.00-1.05%, 1.05-1.09%, 1.09-1.13%,1.13-1.18%, 1.18-1.22%, 1.22-1.26%, or 1.26-1.31%, or about 1.09% byweight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of potassium citrate atabout 1.57-1.64%, 1.64-1.72%, 1.72-1.80%, 1.80-1.88%, 1.88-1.96%,1.96-2.04%, 2.04-2.11%, 2.11-2.19%, 2.19-2.27%, or 2.27-2.35%, or about1.96% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition maycomprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of calciumcitrate at about 0.332-0.349%, 0.349-0.365%, 0.365-0.382%, 0.382-0.398%,0.398-0.415%, 0.415-0.431%, 0.431-0.448%, 0.448-0.465%, 0.465-0.481%, or0.481-0.498%, or about 0.415% by weight or volume. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange,mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus andother fruit flavors) at about 0.139-0.146%, 0.146-0.153%, 0.153-0.160%,0.160-0.167%, 0.167-0.174%, 0.174-0.181%, 0.181-0.188%, 0.188-0.195%,0.195-0.202%, or 0.202-0.209%, or about 0.174% by weight or volume. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of stevia and/or stevia leaf extract atabout 0.0697-0.0732%, 0.0732-0.0767%, 0.0767-0.0802%, 0.0802-0.0836%,0.0836-0.0871%, 0.0871-0.0906%, 0.0906-0.0941%, 0.0941-0.0976%,0.0976-0.1011%, or 0.1011-0.1046%, or about 0.0871% by weight or volume.In some embodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise ormay consist essentially of one or more or all of these ingredients. Inother embodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose,and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about31.4-32.9%, 32.9-34.5%, 34.5-36.1%, 36.1-37.6%, 37.6-39.2%, 39.2-40.8%,40.8-42.3%, 42.3-43.9%, 43.9-45.5%, or 45.5-47.0%, or about 39.2% byweight or volume; dextrose at about 33.5-35.1%, 35.1-36.8%, 36.8-38.5%,38.5-40.1%, 40.1-41.8%, 41.8-43.5%, 43.5-45.2%, 45.2-46.8%, 46.8-48.5%,or 48.5-50.2%, or about 41.8% by weight or volume; sodium citrate atabout 6.97-7.32%, 7.32-7.67%, 7.67-8.02%, 8.02-8.36%, 8.36-8.71%,8.71-9.06%, 9.06-9.41%, 9.41-9.76%, 9.76-10.11%, or 10.11-10.46%, orabout 8.71% by weight or volume; citric acid at about 3.49-3.66%,3.66-3.83%, 3.83-4.01%, 4.01-4.18%, 4.18-4.36%, 4.36-4.53%, 4.53-4.70%,4.70-4.88%, 4.88-5.05%, or 5.05-5.23%, or about 4.36% by weight orvolume; quercetin at about 1.74-1.83%, 1.83-1.92%, 1.92-2.00%,2.00-2.09%, 2.09-2.18%, 2.18-2.27%, 2.27-2.35%, 2.35-2.44%, 2.44-2.53%,or 2.53-2.61%, or about 2.18% by weight or volume; magnesium citrate atabout 0.87-0.91%, 0.91-0.96%, 0.96-1.00%, 1.00-1.05%, 1.05-1.09%,1.09-1.13%, 1.13-1.18%, 1.18-1.22%, 1.22-1.26%, or 1.26-1.31%, or about1.09% by weight or volume; potassium citrate at about 1.57-1.64%,1.64-1.72%, 1.72-1.80%, 1.80-1.88%, 1.88-1.96%, 1.96-2.04%, 2.04-2.11%,2.11-2.19%, 2.19-2.27%, or 2.27-2.35%, or about 1.96% by weight orvolume; calcium citrate at about 0.332-0.349%, 0.349-0.365%,0.365-0.382%, 0.382-0.398%, 0.398-0.415%, 0.415-0.431%, 0.431-0.448%,0.448-0.465%, 0.465-0.481%, or 0.481-0.498%, or about 0.415% by weightor volume; fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange,pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors)at about 0.139-0.146%, 0.146-0.153%, 0.153-0.160%, 0.160-0.167%,0.167-0.174%, 0.174-0.181%, 0.181-0.188%, 0.188-0.195%, 0.195-0.202%, or0.202-0.209%, or about 0.174% by weight or volume; and stevia and/orstevia leaf extract at about 0.0697-0.0732%, 0.0732-0.0767%,0.0767-0.0802%, 0.0802-0.0836%, 0.0836-0.0871%, 0.0871-0.0906%,0.0906-0.0941%, 0.0941-0.0976%, 0.0976-0.1011%, or 0.1011-0.1046%, orabout 0.0871% by weight or volume. In some embodiments, the compositionmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of these ingredients. In other embodiments, the composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of all of theseingredients.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose,galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar andbeet sugar)) at about 4.77-5.01, 5.01-5.25, 5.25-5.49, 5.49-5.73,5.73-5.97, 5.97-6.21, 6.21-6.44, 6.44-6.68, 6.68-6.92, or 6.92-7.16 g,or about 5.97 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of dextrose at about2.40-2.52, 2.52-2.64, 2.64-2.76, 2.76-2.88, 2.88-3.00, 3.00-3.12,3.12-3.24, 3.24-3.36, 3.36-3.48, or 3.48-3.60 g, or about 3.00 g. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of sodium citrate at about 0.80-0.84,0.84-0.88, 0.88-0.92, 0.92-0.96, 0.96-1.00, 1.00-1.04, 1.04-1.08,1.08-1.12, 1.12-1.16, or 1.16-1.20 g, or about 1.00 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of citric acid at about 0.400-0.420, 0.420-0.440,0.440-0.460, 0.460-0.480, 0.480-0.500, 0.500-0.520, 0.520-0.540,0.540-0.560, 0.560-0.580, or 0.580-0.600 g, or about 0.500 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of quercetin at about 0.201-0.211, 0.211-0.221,0.221-0.231, 0.231-0.241, 0.241-0.251, 0.251-0.261, 0.261-0.271,0.271-0.281, 0.281-0.291, or 0.291-0.302 g, or about 0.251 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of magnesium citrate at about 0.200-0.210,0.210-0.220, 0.220-0.230, 0.230-0.240, 0.240-0.250, 0.250-0.260,0.260-0.270, 0.270-0.280, 0.280-0.290, or 0.290-0.300 g, or about 0.250g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of silicon dioxide at about 0.184-0.193,0.193-0.202, 0.202-0.212, 0.212-0.221, 0.221-0.230, 0.230-0.239,0.239-0.248, 0.248-0.258, 0.258-0.267, or 0.267-0.276 g, or about 0.230g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of potassium citrate at about0.180-0.189, 0.189-0.198, 0.198-0.207, 0.207-0.216, 0.216-0.225,0.225-0.234, 0.234-0.243, 0.243-0.252, 0.252-0.261, or 0.261-0.270 g, orabout 0.225 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of calcium citrate at about0.0381-0.0400, 0.0400-0.0419, 0.0419-0.0438, 0.0438-0.0457,0.0457-0.0476, 0.0476-0.0495, 0.0495-0.0514, 0.0514-0.0533,0.0533-0.0552, or 0.0552-0.0571 g, or about 0.0476 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange,mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus andother fruit flavors) at about 0.0160-0.0168, 0.0168-0.0176,0.0176-0.0184, 0.0184-0.0192, 0.0192-0.0200, 0.0200-0.0208,0.0208-0.0216, 0.0216-0.0224, 0.0224-0.0232, or 0.0232-0.0240 g, orabout 0.0200 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of stevia and/or stevia leafextract at about 0.0080-0.0084, 0.0084-0.0088, 0.0088-0.0092,0.0092-0.0096, 0.0096-0.0100, 0.0100-0.0104, 0.0104-0.0108,0.0108-0.0112, 0.0112-0.0116, or 0.0116-0.0120 g, or about 0.0100 g. Insome embodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of one or more or all of these ingredients. In otherembodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose,and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about4.77-5.01, 5.01-5.25, 5.25-5.49, 5.49-5.73, 5.73-5.97, 5.97-6.21,6.21-6.44, 6.44-6.68, 6.68-6.92, or 6.92-7.16 g, or about 5.97 g;dextrose at about 2.40-2.52, 2.52-2.64, 2.64-2.76, 2.76-2.88, 2.88-3.00,3.00-3.12, 3.12-3.24, 3.24-3.36, 3.36-3.48, or 3.48-3.60 g, or about3.00 g; sodium citrate at about 0.80-0.84, 0.84-0.88, 0.88-0.92,0.92-0.96, 0.96-1.00, 1.00-1.04, 1.04-1.08, 1.08-1.12, 1.12-1.16, or1.16-1.20 g, or about 1.00 g; citric acid at about 0.400-0.420,0.420-0.440, 0.440-0.460, 0.460-0.480, 0.480-0.500, 0.500-0.520,0.520-0.540, 0.540-0.560, 0.560-0.580, or 0.580-0.600 g, or about 0.500g; quercetin at about 0.201-0.211, 0.211-0.221, 0.221-0.231,0.231-0.241, 0.241-0.251, 0.251-0.261, 0.261-0.271, 0.271-0.281,0.281-0.291, or 0.291-0.302 g, or about 0.251 g; magnesium citrate atabout 0.200-0.210, 0.210-0.220, 0.220-0.230, 0.230-0.240, 0.240-0.250,0.250-0.260, 0.260-0.270, 0.270-0.280, 0.280-0.290, or 0.290-0.300 g, orabout 0.250 g; silicon dioxide at about 0.184-0.193, 0.193-0.202,0.202-0.212, 0.212-0.221, 0.221-0.230, 0.230-0.239, 0.239-0.248,0.248-0.258, 0.258-0.267, or 0.267-0.276 g, or about 0.230 g; potassiumcitrate at about 0.180-0.189, 0.189-0.198, 0.198-0.207, 0.207-0.216,0.216-0.225, 0.225-0.234, 0.234-0.243, 0.243-0.252, 0.252-0.261, or0.261-0.270 g, or about 0.225 g; calcium citrate at about 0.0381-0.0400,0.0400-0.0419, 0.0419-0.0438, 0.0438-0.0457, 0.0457-0.0476,0.0476-0.0495, 0.0495-0.0514, 0.0514-0.0533, 0.0533-0.0552, or0.0552-0.0571 g, or about 0.0476 g; fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon,orange, mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrusand other fruit flavors) at about 0.0160-0.0168, 0.0168-0.0176,0.0176-0.0184, 0.0184-0.0192, 0.0192-0.0200, 0.0200-0.0208,0.0208-0.0216, 0.0216-0.0224, 0.0224-0.0232, or 0.0232-0.0240 g, orabout 0.0200 g; and stevia and/or stevia leaf extract at about0.0080-0.0084, 0.0084-0.0088, 0.0088-0.0092, 0.0092-0.0096,0.0096-0.0100, 0.0100-0.0104, 0.0104-0.0108, 0.0108-0.0112,0.0112-0.0116, or 0.0116-0.0120 g, or about 0.0100 g. In someembodiments, one serving of the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of theseingredients. In other embodiments, one serving of the composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of all of theseingredients.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose,galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar andbeet sugar)) at about 3.60-3.78, 3.78-3.96, 3.96-4.14, 4.14-4.32,4.32-4.50, 4.50-4.68, 4.68-4.86, 4.86-5.04, 5.04-5.22, or 5.22-5.40 g,or about 4.50 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of dextrose at about3.84-4.03, 4.03-4.22, 4.22-4.42, 4.42-4.61, 4.61-4.80, 4.80-4.99,4.99-5.18, 5.18-5.38, 5.38-5.57, or 5.57-5.76 g, or about 4.80 g. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of sodium citrate at about 0.80-0.84,0.84-0.88, 0.88-0.92, 0.92-0.96, 0.96-1.00, 1.00-1.04, 1.04-1.08,1.08-1.12, 1.12-1.16, or 1.16-1.20 g, or about 1.00 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of citric acid at about 0.400-0.420, 0.420-0.440,0.440-0.460, 0.460-0.480, 0.480-0.500, 0.500-0.520, 0.520-0.540,0.540-0.560, 0.560-0.580, or 0.580-0.600 g, or about 0.500 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of quercetin at about 0.200-0.210, 0.210-0.220,0.220-0.230, 0.230-0.240, 0.240-0.250, 0.250-0.260, 0.260-0.270,0.270-0.280, 0.280-0.290, or 0.290-0.300 g, or about 0.250 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of magnesium citrate at about 0.100-0.105,0.105-0.110, 0.110-0.115, 0.115-0.120, 0.120-0.125, 0.125-0.130,0.130-0.135, 0.135-0.140, 0.140-0.145, or 0.145-0.150 g, or about 0.125g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of potassium citrate at about0.180-0.189, 0.189-0.198, 0.198-0.207, 0.207-0.216, 0.216-0.225,0.225-0.234, 0.234-0.243, 0.243-0.252, 0.252-0.261, or 0.261-0.270 g, orabout 0.225 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of calcium citrate at about0.0381-0.0400, 0.0400-0.0419, 0.0419-0.0438, 0.0438-0.0457,0.0457-0.0476, 0.0476-0.0495, 0.0495-0.0514, 0.0514-0.0533,0.0533-0.0552, or 0.0552-0.0571 g, or about 0.0476 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange,mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus andother fruit flavors) at about 0.0160-0.0168, 0.0168-0.0176,0.0176-0.0184, 0.0184-0.0192, 0.0192-0.0200, 0.0200-0.0208,0.0208-0.0216, 0.0216-0.0224, 0.0224-0.0232, or 0.0232-0.0240 g, orabout 0.0200 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of stevia and/or stevia leafextract at about 0.0080-0.0084, 0.0084-0.0088, 0.0088-0.0092,0.0092-0.0096, 0.0096-0.0100, 0.0100-0.0104, 0.0104-0.0108,0.0108-0.0112, 0.0112-0.0116, or 0.0116-0.0120 g, or about 0.0100 g. Insome embodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of one or more or all of these ingredients. In otherembodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose,and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about3.60-3.78, 3.78-3.96, 3.96-4.14, 4.14-4.32, 4.32-4.50, 4.50-4.68,4.68-4.86, 4.86-5.04, 5.04-5.22, or 5.22-5.40 g, or about 4.50 g;dextrose at about 3.84-4.03, 4.03-4.22, 4.22-4.42, 4.42-4.61, 4.61-4.80,4.80-4.99, 4.99-5.18, 5.18-5.38, 5.38-5.57, or 5.57-5.76 g, or about4.80 g; sodium citrate at about 0.80-0.84, 0.84-0.88, 0.88-0.92,0.92-0.96, 0.96-1.00, 1.00-1.04, 1.04-1.08, 1.08-1.12, 1.12-1.16, or1.16-1.20 g, or about 1.00 g; citric acid at about 0.400-0.420,0.420-0.440, 0.440-0.460, 0.460-0.480, 0.480-0.500, 0.500-0.520,0.520-0.540, 0.540-0.560, 0.560-0.580, or 0.580-0.600 g, or about 0.500g; quercetin at about 0.200-0.210, 0.210-0.220, 0.220-0.230,0.230-0.240, 0.240-0.250, 0.250-0.260, 0.260-0.270, 0.270-0.280,0.280-0.290, or 0.290-0.300 g, or about 0.250 g; magnesium citrate atabout 0.100-0.105, 0.105-0.110, 0.110-0.115, 0.115-0.120, 0.120-0.125,0.125-0.130, 0.130-0.135, 0.135-0.140, 0.140-0.145, or 0.145-0.150 g, orabout 0.125 g; potassium citrate at about 0.180-0.189, 0.189-0.198,0.198-0.207, 0.207-0.216, 0.216-0.225, 0.225-0.234, 0.234-0.243,0.243-0.252, 0.252-0.261, or 0.261-0.270 g, or about 0.225 g; calciumcitrate at about 0.0381-0.0400, 0.0400-0.0419, 0.0419-0.0438,0.0438-0.0457, 0.0457-0.0476, 0.0476-0.0495, 0.0495-0.0514,0.0514-0.0533, 0.0533-0.0552, or 0.0552-0.0571 g, or about 0.0476 g;fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange, pineapple,pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors) at about0.0160-0.0168, 0.0168-0.0176, 0.0176-0.0184, 0.0184-0.0192,0.0192-0.0200, 0.0200-0.0208, 0.0208-0.0216, 0.0216-0.0224,0.0224-0.0232, or 0.0232-0.0240 g, or about 0.0200 g; and stevia and/orstevia leaf extract at about 0.0080-0.0084, 0.0084-0.0088,0.0088-0.0092, 0.0092-0.0096, 0.0096-0.0100, 0.0100-0.0104,0.0104-0.0108, 0.0108-0.0112, 0.0112-0.0116, or 0.0116-0.0120 g, orabout 0.0100 g. In some embodiments, one serving of the composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more orall of these ingredients. In other embodiments, one serving of thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofall of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition as disclosed hereincomprise about 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11,11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, 15-16, 16-17, 17-18, 18-19, 19-20, 20-21,21-22, 22-23, 23-24, 24-25, 25-26, 26-27, 27-28, 28-29, 29-30, 30-31,31-32, 32-33, 33-34, 34-35, 35-36, 36-37, 37-38, 38-39, 39-40, 40-41,41-42, 42-43, 43-44, 44-45, 45-46, 46-47, 47-48, 48-49, 49-50, 50-51,51-52, 52-53, 53-54, 54-55, 55-56, 56-57, 57-58, 58-59, 59-60, 60-61,61-62, 62-63, 63-64, 64-65, 65-66, 66-67, 67-68, 68-69, 69-70, 70-71,71-72, 72-73, 73-74, 74-75, 75-76, 76-77, 77-78, 78-79, 79-80, 80-81,81-82, 82-83, 83-84, 84-85, 85-86, 86-87, 87-88, 88-89, 89-90, 90-91,91-92, 92-93, 93-94, 94-95, 95-96, 96-97, 97-98, 98-99, or 99-100 g ofthe composition. In one embodiment, one serving of a composition asdisclosed herein comprises about 11.5 g of the composition.

In one embodiment, one spoon/level scoop of a composition describedherein is one serving of the composition. In another embodiment, twospoons/level scoops of a composition described herein are one serving ofthe composition. In still another embodiment, three or more spoons/levelscoops of a composition described herein are one serving of thecomposition. In various embodiments, one serving of a composition asdisclosed herein is packaged as one packet, tube, vial, pouch, or bag.In various embodiments, two servings of a composition as disclosedherein are packaged as one packet, tube, vial, pouch, or bag. In variousembodiments, three or more servings of a composition as disclosed hereinare packaged as one packet, tube, vial, pouch, or bag.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition as disclosed iscombined with about 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11,11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, or 15-16 fl. oz. water or any other suitabledrinking liquid before being administrated to a subject.

In various embodiments, for every about 30 minutes, one serving of acomposition as disclosed herein is administered to a subject. In someembodiments, for every about 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 minutes, one servingof a composition as disclosed herein is administered to a subject.

In some embodiments, 1 serving of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject, for example, during an exercise of about1-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, or 40-50 minutes. In some embodiments, 2servings of a composition described herein may be administered to asubject, for example, during an exercise of about 30-40, 40-50, 50-60,60-70, or 70-80 minutes. In some embodiments, 3 servings of acomposition described herein may be administered to a subject, forexample, during an exercise of about 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, or100-110 minutes. In some embodiments, 4 servings of a compositiondescribed herein may be administered to a subject, for example, duringan exercise of about 90-100, 100-110, 110-120, 120-130, or 130-140minutes.

In one embodiment, 1 serving of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject during an exercise of about 1-30 minutes. Inone embodiment, 2 servings of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject during an exercise of about 30-60 minutes. Inone embodiment, 3 servings of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject during an exercise of about 60-90 minutes. Inone embodiment, 4 servings of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject during an exercise of about 90-120 minutes.

In various embodiments, the number of servings administered to a subjectduring an exercise is calculated by dividing the exercise’ duration (inthe unit of minute) by 30 minutes. For non-limiting examples, 1 servingis for an exercise of about 15-45 minutes; 2 servings are for anexercise of about 45-75 minutes; 3 servings are for an exercise of about75-105 minutes; and 4 servings are for an exercise of about 105-135minutes.

In various embodiments, a subject consumes a composition describedherein during exercise. In various embodiments, the subject consumes acomposition described herein daily. As a non-limiting example, one, twoor three servings of a composition described herein (for example, about11.5, 23 or 34.5 g of the composition powder) is mixed with about 8, 16,or 24 fl. oz. water or any other suitable drinking liquid; let sit forabout one minute; mixed again if necessary; and consumed by a subject.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a composition. Thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more or all of: calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, andquercetin. The composition may further comprise one or more or all of:sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose(for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), dextrose, citric acid,silica, fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange,pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors)and stevia leaf extract. In various embodiments, the fruit flavor isnatural orange or mandarin orange flavor. In various embodiments, thecalcium is in the form of calcium citrate, and/or calcium chloride,and/or any other suitable calcium salts or calcium sources. In variousembodiments, the magnesium is in the form of magnesium citrate, and/ormagnesium chloride, and/or any other suitable magnesium salts ormagnesium sources. In various embodiments, the sodium is in the form ofsodium citrate, and/or sodium chloride, and/or any other suitable sodiumsalts or sodium sources. In various embodiments, the potassium is in theform of potassium citrate, and/or chloride, and/or any other suitablepotassium salts or potassium sources. In various embodiments, thequercetin is quercetin anhydrous. In exemplary embodiments, per serving,the composition may consist of or may comprise or may consistessentially of one or more or all of: about 10 mg calcium, about 40 mgmagnesium, about 230 mg sodium, about 80 mg potassium, and about 250 mgquercetin. In exemplary embodiments, the composition may be used toimprove exercise performance and/or recovery. In some embodiments, theeffective amount of the composition to improve exercise performanceand/or recovery for exercise duration of 30 minutes is about 11.5 grams.In some embodiments, the effective amount of the composition to improveexercise performance and/or recovery for exercise duration of 60 minutesis about 23 grams. In some embodiments, the effective amount of thecomposition to improve exercise performance and/or recovery for exerciseduration of 90 minutes is about 34.5 grams. In some embodiments, theeffective amount of the composition is dissolved in water. For example,11.5, 23, and 34.5 grams of the composition may respectively bedissolved in 8, 16, and 24 ounces of water. In some embodiments, thecomposition is consumed during exercise.

After Exercise

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise recovery. Ingredients of the composition may includebut are not limited to whey protein, pea protein, sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)), casein, cocoa powder, potassium citrate,pomegranate extract, sodium chloride, chocolate flavor, xanthan gum,stevia and/or stevia leaf extract, L-glutamine, and BCAA.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise recovery. The composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of: wheyprotein, pea protein, sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose,maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)),casein, cocoa powder, potassium citrate, pomegranate extract, sodiumchloride, chocolate flavor, xanthan gum, stevia and/or stevia leafextract, L-glutamine, and BCAA.

In various embodiments, the whey protein is whey protein isolate 90%. Invarious embodiments, the pea protein is pea protein 80%—micronized. Invarious embodiments, the sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose,maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar))is granulated sugar. In various embodiments, the casein is micellarcasein. In various embodiments, the cocoa powder is cocoa powderalkalized or cocoa powder (23% protein). In various embodiments, thepotassium citrate is potassium citrate 36% K or potassium citrate (35.6%K). In various embodiments, the pomegranate extract is a high polyphenolpomegranate extract (e.g., POMx pomegranate extract and PomX pomegranate(75% polyphenols)). In various embodiments, the sodium chloride issodium chloride (39% Na). In various embodiments, the chocolate flavoris natural chocolate flavor. In various embodiments, the L-glutamine isL-glutamine FCC. In various embodiments, the BCAA is BCAA 2:1:1.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise recovery. The composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of: wheyprotein isolate, pea protein—micronized, granulated sugar (e.g.,glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (forexample, cane sugar and beet sugar)), micellar casein, cocoa powderalkalized, potassium citrate, high polyphenol pomegranate extract (e.g.,POMx pomegranate extract and PomX pomegranate (75% polyphenols)), sodiumchloride, natural chocolate flavor, xanthan gum, stevia, L-glutamine,and BCAA 2:1:1.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise recovery. The composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of: wheyprotein isolate, pea protein, sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose,maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)),casein, cocoa powder, potassium citrate, high polyphenol pomegranateextract (e.g., POMx pomegranate extract and PomX pomegranate (75%polyphenols)), sodium chloride, natural chocolate flavor, xanthan gum,stevia, L-glutamine FCC, and BCAA 2:1:1.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of whey protein at about 29.5-31.0%,31.0-32.5%, 32.5-33.9%, 33.9-35.4%, 35.4-36.9%, 36.9-38.4%, 38.4-39.8%,39.8-41.3%, 41.3-42.8%, or 42.8-44.3%, or about 36.9% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of pea protein at about16.9-17.7%, 17.7-18.6%, 18.6-19.4%, 19.4-20.3%, 20.3-21.1%, 21.1-22.0%,22.0-22.8%, 22.8-23.7%, 23.7-24.5%, or 24.5-25.4%, or about 21.1% byweight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)) at about 13.9-14.6%, 14.6-15.3%, 15.3-16.0%,16.0-16.7%, 16.7-17.4%, 17.4-18.1%, 18.1-18.8%, 18.8-19.5%, 19.5-20.2%,or 20.2-20.9%, or about 17.4% by weight or volume. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of casein at about 7.86-8.25%, 8.25-8.65%,8.65-9.04%, 9.04-9.43%, 9.43-9.83%, 9.83-10.22%, 10.22-10.61%,10.61-11.01%, 11.01-11.40%, or 11.40-11.79%, or about 9.83% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of cocoa powder at about5.63-5.92%, 5.92-6.20%, 6.20-6.48%, 6.48-6.76%, 6.76-7.04%, 7.04-7.32%,7.32-7.61%, 7.61-7.89%, 7.89-8.17%, or 8.17-8.45%, or about 7.04% byweight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of potassium citrate atabout 1.52-1.60%, 1.60-1.67%, 1.67-1.75%, 1.75-1.82%, 1.82-1.90%,1.90-1.98%, 1.98-2.05%, 2.05-2.13%, 2.13-2.20%, or 2.20-2.28%, or about1.90% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition maycomprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of pomegranateextract at about 1.46-1.54%, 1.54-1.61%, 1.61-1.68%, 1.68-1.76%,1.76-1.83%, 1.83-1.90%, 1.90-1.98%, 1.98-2.05%, 2.05-2.12%, or2.12-2.20%, or about 1.83% by weight or volume. In various embodiments,the composition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or mayconsist of sodium chloride at about 1.13-1.18%, 1.18-1.24%, 1.24-1.30%,1.30-1.35%, 1.35-1.41%, 1.41-1.46%, 1.46-1.52%, 1.52-1.58%, 1.58-1.63%,or 1.63-1.69%, or about 1.41% by weight or volume. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of chocolate flavor at about 0.90-0.95%, 0.95-0.99%,0.99-1.04%, 1.04-1.08%, 1.08-1.13%, 1.13-1.17%, 1.17-1.22%, 1.22-1.26%,1.26-1.31%, or 1.31-1.35%, or about 1.13% by weight or volume. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of xanthan gum at about 0.451-0.473%,0.473-0.496%, 0.496-0.518%, 0.518-0.541%, 0.541-0.563%, 0.563-0.586%,0.586-0.608%, 0.608-0.631%, 0.631-0.654%, or 0.654-0.676%, or about0.563% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition maycomprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of stevia and/orstevia leaf extract at about 0.270-0.284%, 0.284-0.297%, 0.297-0.311%,0.311-0.325%, 0.325-0.338%, 0.338-0.352%, 0.352-0.365%, 0.365-0.379%,0.379-0.392%, or 0.392-0.406%, or about 0.338% by weight or volume. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of L-glutamine at about 0.225-0.237%,0.237-0.248%, 0.248-0.259%, 0.259-0.270%, 0.270-0.282%, 0.282-0.293%,0.293-0.304%, 0.304-0.315%, 0.315-0.327%, or 0.327-0.338%, or about0.282% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition maycomprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of BCAA at about0.225-0.237%, 0.237-0.248%, 0.248-0.259%, 0.259-0.270%, 0.270-0.282%,0.282-0.293%, 0.293-0.304%, 0.304-0.315%, 0.315-0.327%, or 0.327-0.338%,or about 0.282% by weight or volume. In some embodiments, thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more or all of these ingredients. In other embodiments, thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofall of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: whey protein at about 29.5-31.0%, 31.0-32.5%, 32.5-33.9%,33.9-35.4%, 35.4-36.9%, 36.9-38.4%, 38.4-39.8%, 39.8-41.3%, 41.3-42.8%,or 42.8-44.3%, or about 36.9% by weight or volume; pea protein at about16.9-17.7%, 17.7-18.6%, 18.6-19.4%, 19.4-20.3%, 20.3-21.1%, 21.1-22.0%,22.0-22.8%, 22.8-23.7%, 23.7-24.5%, or 24.5-25.4%, or about 21.1% byweight or volume; sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose,lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about13.9-14.6%, 14.6-15.3%, 15.3-16.0%, 16.0-16.7%, 16.7-17.4%, 17.4-18.1%,18.1-18.8%, 18.8-19.5%, 19.5-20.2%, or 20.2-20.9%, or about 17.4% byweight or volume; casein at about 7.86-8.25%, 8.25-8.65%, 8.65-9.04%,9.04-9.43%, 9.43-9.83%, 9.83-10.22%, 10.22-10.61%, 10.61-11.01%,11.01-11.40%, or 11.40-11.79%, or about 9.83% by weight or volume; cocoapowder at about 5.63-5.92%, 5.92-6.20%, 6.20-6.48%, 6.48-6.76%,6.76-7.04%, 7.04-7.32%, 7.32-7.61%, 7.61-7.89%, 7.89-8.17%, or8.17-8.45%, or about 7.04% by weight or volume; potassium citrate atabout 1.52-1.60%, 1.60-1.67%, 1.67-1.75%, 1.75-1.82%, 1.82-1.90%,1.90-1.98%, 1.98-2.05%, 2.05-2.13%, 2.13-2.20%, or 2.20-2.28%, or about1.90% by weight or volume; pomegranate extract at about 1.46-1.54%,1.54-1.61%, 1.61-1.68%, 1.68-1.76%, 1.76-1.83%, 1.83-1.90%, 1.90-1.98%,1.98-2.05%, 2.05-2.12%, or 2.12-2.20%, or about 1.83% by weight orvolume; sodium chloride at about 1.13-1.18%, 1.18-1.24%, 1.24-1.30%,1.30-1.35%, 1.35-1.41%, 1.41-1.46%, 1.46-1.52%, 1.52-1.58%, 1.58-1.63%,or 1.63-1.69%, or about 1.41% by weight or volume; chocolate flavor atabout 0.90-0.95%, 0.95-0.99%, 0.99-1.04%, 1.04-1.08%, 1.08-1.13%,1.13-1.17%, 1.17-1.22%, 1.22-1.26%, 1.26-1.31%, or 1.31-1.35%, or about1.13% by weight or volume; xanthan gum at about 0.451-0.473%,0.473-0.496%, 0.496-0.518%, 0.518-0.541%, 0.541-0.563%, 0.563-0.586%,0.586-0.608%, 0.608-0.631%, 0.631-0.654%, or 0.654-0.676%, or about0.563% by weight or volume; stevia and/or stevia leaf extract at about0.270-0.284%, 0.284-0.297%, 0.297-0.311%, 0.311-0.325%, 0.325-0.338%,0.338-0.352%, 0.352-0.365%, 0.365-0.379%, 0.379-0.392%, or 0.392-0.406%,or about 0.338% by weight or volume; L-glutamine at about 0.225-0.237%,0.237-0.248%, 0.248-0.259%, 0.259-0.270%, 0.270-0.282%, 0.282-0.293%,0.293-0.304%, 0.304-0.315%, 0.315-0.327%, or 0.327-0.338%, or about0.282% by weight or volume; and BCAA at about 0.225-0.237%,0.237-0.248%, 0.248-0.259%, 0.259-0.270%, 0.270-0.282%, 0.282-0.293%,0.293-0.304%, 0.304-0.315%, 0.315-0.327%, or 0.327-0.338%, or about0.282% by weight or volume. In some embodiments, the composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more orall of these ingredients. In other embodiments, the composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of all of theseingredients.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of whey protein at about 32.5-34.1%,34.1-35.8%, 35.8-37.4%, 37.4-39.0%, 39.0-40.7%, 40.7-42.3%, 42.3-43.9%,43.9-45.5%, 45.5-47.2%, or 47.2-48.8%, or about 40.7% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of pea protein at about14.6-15.4%, 15.4-16.1%, 16.1-16.8%, 16.8-17.6%, 17.6-18.3%, 18.3-19.0%,19.0-19.8%, 19.8-20.5%, 20.5-21.2%, or 21.2-22.0%, or about 18.3% byweight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)) at about 11.7-12.3%, 12.3-12.8%, 12.8-13.4%,13.4-14.0%, 14.0-14.6%, 14.6-15.2%, 15.2-15.8%, 15.8-16.3%, 16.3-16.9%,or 16.9-17.5%, or about 14.6% by weight or volume. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of casein at about 6.65-6.98%, 6.98-7.32%,7.32-7.65%, 7.65-7.98%, 7.98-8.31%, 8.31-8.65%, 8.65-8.98%, 8.98-9.31%,9.31-9.65%, or 9.65-9.98%, or about 8.31% by weight or volume. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of cocoa powder at about 8.8-9.2%,9.2-9.7%, 9.7-10.1%, 10.1-10.5%, 10.5-11.0%, 11.0-11.4%, 11.4-11.9%,11.9-12.3%, 12.3-12.7%, or 12.7-13.2%, or about 11.0% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of potassium citrate at about1.95-2.05%, 2.05-2.15%, 2.15-2.24%, 2.24-2.34%, 2.34-2.44%, 2.44-2.54%,2.54-2.63%, 2.63-2.73%, 2.73-2.83%, or 2.83-2.93%, or about 2.44% byweight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of pomegranate extract atabout 1.27-1.33%, 1.33-1.40%, 1.40-1.46%, 1.46-1.52%, 1.52-1.59%,1.59-1.65%, 1.65-1.71%, 1.71-1.78%, 1.78-1.84%, or 1.84-1.90%, or about1.59% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition maycomprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of sodiumchloride at about 0.98-1.02%, 1.02-1.07%, 1.07-1.12%, 1.12-1.17%,1.17-1.22%, 1.22-1.27%, 1.27-1.32%, 1.32-1.37%, 1.37-1.41%, or1.41-1.46%, or about 1.22% by weight or volume. In various embodiments,the composition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or mayconsist of chocolate flavor at about 0.780-0.820%, 0.820-0.859%,0.859-0.898%, 0.898-0.937%, 0.937-0.976%, 0.976-1.015%, 1.015-1.054%,1.054-1.093%, 1.093-1.132%, or 1.132-1.171%, or about 0.976% by weightor volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of xanthan gum at about0.195-0.205%, 0.205-0.215%, 0.215-0.224%, 0.224-0.234%, 0.234-0.244%,0.244-0.254%, 0.254-0.263%, 0.263-0.273%, 0.273-0.283%, or 0.283-0.293%,or about 0.244% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, thecomposition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consistof stevia and/or stevia leaf extract at about 0.176-0.184%,0.184-0.193%, 0.193-0.202%, 0.202-0.211%, 0.211-0.220%, 0.220-0.228%,0.228-0.237%, 0.237-0.246%, 0.246-0.255%, or 0.255-0.263%, or about0.220% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition maycomprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of L-glutamineat about 0.195-0.205%, 0.205-0.215%, 0.215-0.224%, 0.224-0.234%,0.234-0.244%, 0.244-0.254%, 0.254-0.263%, 0.263-0.273%, 0.273-0.283%, or0.283-0.293%, or about 0.244% by weight or volume. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of BCAA at about 0.195-0.205%, 0.205-0.215%,0.215-0.224%, 0.224-0.234%, 0.234-0.244%, 0.244-0.254%, 0.254-0.263%,0.263-0.273%, 0.273-0.283%, or 0.283-0.293%, or about 0.244% by weightor volume. In some embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of theseingredients. In other embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: whey protein at about 32.5-34.1%, 34.1-35.8%, 35.8-37.4%,37.4-39.0%, 39.0-40.7%, 40.7-42.3%, 42.3-43.9%, 43.9-45.5%, 45.5-47.2%,or 47.2-48.8%, or about 40.7% by weight or volume; pea protein at about14.6-15.4%, 15.4-16.1%, 16.1-16.8%, 16.8-17.6%, 17.6-18.3%, 18.3-19.0%,19.0-19.8%, 19.8-20.5%, 20.5-21.2%, or 21.2-22.0%, or about 18.3% byweight or volume; sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose,lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about11.7-12.3%, 12.3-12.8%, 12.8-13.4%, 13.4-14.0%, 14.0-14.6%, 14.6-15.2%,15.2-15.8%, 15.8-16.3%, 16.3-16.9%, or 16.9-17.5%, or about 14.6% byweight or volume; casein at about 6.65-6.98%, 6.98-7.32%, 7.32-7.65%,7.65-7.98%, 7.98-8.31%, 8.31-8.65%, 8.65-8.98%, 8.98-9.31%, 9.31-9.65%,or 9.65-9.98%, or about 8.31% by weight or volume; cocoa powder at about8.8-9.2%, 9.2-9.7%, 9.7-10.1%, 10.1-10.5%, 10.5-11.0%, 11.0-11.4%,11.4-11.9%, 11.9-12.3%, 12.3-12.7%, or 12.7-13.2%, or about 11.0% byweight or volume; potassium citrate at about 1.95-2.05%, 2.05-2.15%,2.15-2.24%, 2.24-2.34%, 2.34-2.44%, 2.44-2.54%, 2.54-2.63%, 2.63-2.73%,2.73-2.83%, or 2.83-2.93%, or about 2.44% by weight or volume;pomegranate extract at about 1.27-1.33%, 1.33-1.40%, 1.40-1.46%,1.46-1.52%, 1.52-1.59%, 1.59-1.65%, 1.65-1.71%, 1.71-1.78%, 1.78-1.84%,or 1.84-1.90%, or about 1.59% by weight or volume; sodium chloride atabout 0.98-1.02%, 1.02-1.07%, 1.07-1.12%, 1.12-1.17%, 1.17-1.22%,1.22-1.27%, 1.27-1.32%, 1.32-1.37%, 1.37-1.41%, or 1.41-1.46%, or about1.22% by weight or volume; chocolate flavor at about 0.780-0.820%,0.820-0.859%, 0.859-0.898%, 0.898-0.937%, 0.937-0.976%, 0.976-1.015%,1.015-1.054%, 1.054-1.093%, 1.093-1.132%, or 1.132-1.171%, or about0.976% by weight or volume; xanthan gum at about 0.195-0.205%,0.205-0.215%, 0.215-0.224%, 0.224-0.234%, 0.234-0.244%, 0.244-0.254%,0.254-0.263%, 0.263-0.273%, 0.273-0.283%, or 0.283-0.293%, or about0.244% by weight or volume; stevia and/or stevia leaf extract at about0.176-0.184%, 0.184-0.193%, 0.193-0.202%, 0.202-0.211%, 0.211-0.220%,0.220-0.228%, 0.228-0.237%, 0.237-0.246%, 0.246-0.255%, or 0.255-0.263%,or about 0.220% by weight or volume; L-glutamine at about 0.195-0.205%,0.205-0.215%, 0.215-0.224%, 0.224-0.234%, 0.234-0.244%, 0.244-0.254%,0.254-0.263%, 0.263-0.273%, 0.273-0.283%, or 0.283-0.293%, or about0.244% by weight or volume; and BCAA at about 0.195-0.205%,0.205-0.215%, 0.215-0.224%, 0.224-0.234%, 0.234-0.244%, 0.244-0.254%,0.254-0.263%, 0.263-0.273%, 0.273-0.283%, or 0.283-0.293%, or about0.244% by weight or volume. In some embodiments, the composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more orall of these ingredients. In other embodiments, the composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of all of theseingredients.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of whey protein at about 10.5-11.0,11.0-11.5, 11.5-12.0, 12.0-12.6, 12.6-13.1, 13.1-13.6, 13.6-14.1,14.1-14.7, 14.7-15.2, or 15.2-15.7 g, or about 13.1 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of pea protein at about 6.00-6.30, 6.30-6.60,6.60-6.90, 6.90-7.20, 7.20-7.50, 7.50-7.80, 7.80-8.10, 8.10-8.40,8.40-8.70, or 8.70-9.00 g, or about 7.50 g. In various embodiments, thecomposition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consistof sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, andsucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about 4.94-5.18,5.18-5.43, 5.43-5.68, 5.68-5.93, 5.93-6.17, 6.17-6.42, 6.42-6.67,6.67-6.91, 6.91-7.16, or 7.16-7.41 g, or about 6.17 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of casein at about 2.79-2.93, 2.93-3.07, 3.07-3.21,3.21-3.35, 3.35-3.49, 3.49-3.63, 3.63-3.77, 3.77-3.91, 3.91-4.05, or4.05-4.19 g, or about 3.49 g. In various embodiments, the compositionmay comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of cocoapowder at about 2.00-2.10, 2.10-2.20, 2.20-2.30, 2.30-2.40, 2.40-2.50,2.50-2.60, 2.60-2.70, 2.70-2.80, 2.80-2.90, or 2.90-3.00 g, or about2.50 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of potassium citrate at about0.539-0.566, 0.566-0.593, 0.593-0.620, 0.620-0.647, 0.647-0.674,0.674-0.701, 0.701-0.728, 0.728-0.755, 0.755-0.782, or 0.782-0.809 g, orabout 0.674 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of pomegranate extract atabout 0.520-0.546, 0.546-0.572, 0.572-0.598, 0.598-0.624, 0.624-0.650,0.650-0.676, 0.676-0.702, 0.702-0.728, 0.728-0.754, or 0.754-0.780 g, orabout 0.650 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of sodium chloride at about0.400-0.420, 0.420-0.440, 0.440-0.460, 0.460-0.480, 0.480-0.500,0.500-0.520, 0.520-0.540, 0.540-0.560, 0.560-0.580, or 0.580-0.600 g, orabout 0.500 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of chocolate flavor at about0.320-0.336, 0.336-0.352, 0.352-0.368, 0.368-0.384, 0.384-0.400,0.400-0.416, 0.416-0.432, 0.432-0.448, 0.448-0.464, or 0.464-0.480 g, orabout 0.400 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of xanthan gum at about0.160-0.168, 0.168-0.176, 0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192, 0.192-0.200,0.200-0.208, 0.208-0.216, 0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or 0.232-0.240 g, orabout 0.200 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of stevia and/or stevia leafextract at about 0.096-0.101, 0.101-0.106, 0.106-0.110, 0.110-0.115,0.115-0.120, 0.120-0.125, 0.125-0.130, 0.130-0.134, 0.134-0.139, or0.139-0.144 g, or about 0.120 g. In various embodiments, the compositionmay comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist ofL-glutamine at about 0.080-0.084, 0.084-0.088, 0.088-0.092, 0.092-0.096,0.096-0.100, 0.100-0.104, 0.104-0.108, 0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.116, or0.116-0.120 g, or about 0.100 g. In various embodiments, the compositionmay comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of BCAA atabout 0.080-0.084, 0.084-0.088, 0.088-0.092, 0.092-0.096, 0.096-0.100,0.100-0.104, 0.104-0.108, 0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.116, or 0.116-0.120 g, orabout 0.100 g. In some embodiments, the composition may consist of ormay comprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of theseingredients. In other embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: whey protein at about 10.5-11.0, 11.0-11.5, 11.5-12.0,12.0-12.6, 12.6-13.1, 13.1-13.6, 13.6-14.1, 14.1-14.7, 14.7-15.2, or15.2-15.7 g, or about 13.1 g; pea protein at about 6.00-6.30, 6.30-6.60,6.60-6.90, 6.90-7.20, 7.20-7.50, 7.50-7.80, 7.80-8.10, 8.10-8.40,8.40-8.70, or 8.70-9.00 g, or about 7.50 g; sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)) at about 4.94-5.18, 5.18-5.43, 5.43-5.68,5.68-5.93, 5.93-6.17, 6.17-6.42, 6.42-6.67, 6.67-6.91, 6.91-7.16, or7.16-7.41 g, or about 6.17 g; casein at about 2.79-2.93, 2.93-3.07,3.07-3.21, 3.21-3.35, 3.35-3.49, 3.49-3.63, 3.63-3.77, 3.77-3.91,3.91-4.05, or 4.05-4.19 g, or about 3.49 g; cocoa powder at about2.00-2.10, 2.10-2.20, 2.20-2.30, 2.30-2.40, 2.40-2.50, 2.50-2.60,2.60-2.70, 2.70-2.80, 2.80-2.90, or 2.90-3.00 g, or about 2.50 g;potassium citrate at about 0.539-0.566, 0.566-0.593, 0.593-0.620,0.620-0.647, 0.647-0.674, 0.674-0.701, 0.701-0.728, 0.728-0.755,0.755-0.782, or 0.782-0.809 g, or about 0.674 g; pomegranate extract atabout 0.520-0.546, 0.546-0.572, 0.572-0.598, 0.598-0.624, 0.624-0.650,0.650-0.676, 0.676-0.702, 0.702-0.728, 0.728-0.754, or 0.754-0.780 g, orabout 0.650 g; sodium chloride at about 0.400-0.420, 0.420-0.440,0.440-0.460, 0.460-0.480, 0.480-0.500, 0.500-0.520, 0.520-0.540,0.540-0.560, 0.560-0.580, or 0.580-0.600 g, or about 0.500 g; chocolateflavor at about 0.320-0.336, 0.336-0.352, 0.352-0.368, 0.368-0.384,0.384-0.400, 0.400-0.416, 0.416-0.432, 0.432-0.448, 0.448-0.464, or0.464-0.480 g, or about 0.400 g; xanthan gum at about 0.160-0.168,0.168-0.176, 0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192, 0.192-0.200, 0.200-0.208,0.208-0.216, 0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or 0.232-0.240 g, or about 0.200g; stevia and/or stevia leaf extract at about 0.096-0.101, 0.101-0.106,0.106-0.110, 0.110-0.115, 0.115-0.120, 0.120-0.125, 0.125-0.130,0.130-0.134, 0.134-0.139, or 0.139-0.144 g, or about 0.120 g;L-glutamine at about 0.080-0.084, 0.084-0.088, 0.088-0.092, 0.092-0.096,0.096-0.100, 0.100-0.104, 0.104-0.108, 0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.116, or0.116-0.120 g, or about 0.100 g; and BCAA at about 0.080-0.084,0.084-0.088, 0.088-0.092, 0.092-0.096, 0.096-0.100, 0.100-0.104,0.104-0.108, 0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.116, or 0.116-0.120 g, or about 0.100g. In some embodiments, the composition may consist of or may compriseor may consist essentially of one or more or all of these ingredients.In other embodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise ormay consist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of whey protein at about 13.3-14.0,14.0-14.7, 14.7-15.3, 15.3-16.0, 16.0-16.7, 16.7-17.3, 17.3-18.0,18.0-18.7, 18.7-19.3, or 19.3-20.0 g, or about 16.7 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of pea protein at about 6.00-6.30, 6.30-6.60,6.60-6.90, 6.90-7.20, 7.20-7.50, 7.50-7.80, 7.80-8.10, 8.10-8.40,8.40-8.70, or 8.70-9.00 g, or about 7.50 g. In various embodiments, thecomposition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consistof sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, andsucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about 4.79-5.03,5.03-5.27, 5.27-5.51, 5.51-5.74, 5.74-5.98, 5.98-6.22, 6.22-6.46,6.46-6.70, 6.70-6.94, or 6.94-7.18 g, or about 5.98 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of casein at about 2.73-2.86, 2.86-3.00, 3.00-3.14,3.14-3.27, 3.27-3.41, 3.41-3.55, 3.55-3.68, 3.68-3.82, 3.82-3.95, or3.95-4.09 g, or about 3.41 g. In various embodiments, the compositionmay comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of cocoapowder at about 3.60-3.78, 3.78-3.96, 3.96-4.14, 4.14-4.32, 4.32-4.50,4.50-4.68, 4.68-4.86, 4.86-5.04, 5.04-5.22, or 5.22-5.40 g, or about4.50 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of potassium citrate at about0.80-0.84, 0.84-0.88, 0.88-0.92, 0.92-0.96, 0.96-1.00, 1.00-1.04,1.04-1.08, 1.08-1.12, 1.12-1.16, or 1.16-1.20 g, or about 1.00 g. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of pomegranate extract at about0.520-0.546, 0.546-0.572, 0.572-0.598, 0.598-0.624, 0.624-0.650,0.650-0.676, 0.676-0.702, 0.702-0.728, 0.728-0.754, or 0.754-0.780 g, orabout 0.650 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of sodium chloride at about0.400-0.420, 0.420-0.440, 0.440-0.460, 0.460-0.480, 0.480-0.500,0.500-0.520, 0.520-0.540, 0.540-0.560, 0.560-0.580, or 0.580-0.600 g, orabout 0.500 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of chocolate flavor at about0.320-0.336, 0.336-0.352, 0.352-0.368, 0.368-0.384, 0.384-0.400,0.400-0.416, 0.416-0.432, 0.432-0.448, 0.448-0.464, or 0.464-0.480 g, orabout 0.400 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of xanthan gum at about0.080-0.084, 0.084-0.088, 0.088-0.092, 0.092-0.096, 0.096-0.100,0.100-0.104, 0.104-0.108, 0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.116, or 0.116-0.120 g, orabout 0.100 g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, ormay consist essentially of, or may consist of stevia and/or stevia leafextract at about 0.072-0.076, 0.076-0.079, 0.079-0.083, 0.083-0.086,0.086-0.090, 0.090-0.094, 0.094-0.097, 0.097-0.101, 0.101-0.104, or0.104-0.108 g, or about 0.090 g. In various embodiments, the compositionmay comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist ofL-glutamine at about 0.080-0.084, 0.084-0.088, 0.088-0.092, 0.092-0.096,0.096-0.100, 0.100-0.104, 0.104-0.108, 0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.116, or0.116-0.120 g, or about 0.100 g. In various embodiments, the compositionmay comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of BCAA atabout 0.080-0.084, 0.084-0.088, 0.088-0.092, 0.092-0.096, 0.096-0.100,0.100-0.104, 0.104-0.108, 0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.116, or 0.116-0.120 g, orabout 0.100 g. In some embodiments, the composition may consist of ormay comprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of theseingredients. In other embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: whey protein at about 13.3-14.0, 14.0-14.7, 14.7-15.3,15.3-16.0, 16.0-16.7, 16.7-17.3, 17.3-18.0, 18.0-18.7, 18.7-19.3, or19.3-20.0 g, or about 16.7 g; pea protein at about 6.00-6.30, 6.30-6.60,6.60-6.90, 6.90-7.20, 7.20-7.50, 7.50-7.80, 7.80-8.10, 8.10-8.40,8.40-8.70, or 8.70-9.00 g, or about 7.50 g; sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)) at about 4.79-5.03, 5.03-5.27, 5.27-5.51,5.51-5.74, 5.74-5.98, 5.98-6.22, 6.22-6.46, 6.46-6.70, 6.70-6.94, or6.94-7.18 g, or about 5.98 g; casein at about 2.73-2.86, 2.86-3.00,3.00-3.14, 3.14-3.27, 3.27-3.41, 3.41-3.55, 3.55-3.68, 3.68-3.82,3.82-3.95, or 3.95-4.09 g, or about 3.41 g; cocoa powder at about3.60-3.78, 3.78-3.96, 3.96-4.14, 4.14-4.32, 4.32-4.50, 4.50-4.68,4.68-4.86, 4.86-5.04, 5.04-5.22, or 5.22-5.40 g, or about 4.50 g;potassium citrate at about 0.80-0.84, 0.84-0.88, 0.88-0.92, 0.92-0.96,0.96-1.00, 1.00-1.04, 1.04-1.08, 1.08-1.12, 1.12-1.16, or 1.16-1.20 g,or about 1.00 g; pomegranate extract at about 0.520-0.546, 0.546-0.572,0.572-0.598, 0.598-0.624, 0.624-0.650, 0.650-0.676, 0.676-0.702,0.702-0.728, 0.728-0.754, or 0.754-0.780 g, or about 0.650 g; sodiumchloride at about 0.400-0.420, 0.420-0.440, 0.440-0.460, 0.460-0.480,0.480-0.500, 0.500-0.520, 0.520-0.540, 0.540-0.560, 0.560-0.580, or0.580-0.600 g, or about 0.500 g; chocolate flavor at about 0.320-0.336,0.336-0.352, 0.352-0.368, 0.368-0.384, 0.384-0.400, 0.400-0.416,0.416-0.432, 0.432-0.448, 0.448-0.464, or 0.464-0.480 g, or about 0.400g; xanthan gum at about 0.080-0.084, 0.084-0.088, 0.088-0.092,0.092-0.096, 0.096-0.100, 0.100-0.104, 0.104-0.108, 0.108-0.112,0.112-0.116, or 0.116-0.120 g, or about 0.100 g; stevia and/or stevialeaf extract at about 0.072-0.076, 0.076-0.079, 0.079-0.083,0.083-0.086, 0.086-0.090, 0.090-0.094, 0.094-0.097, 0.097-0.101,0.101-0.104, or 0.104-0.108 g, or about 0.090 g; L-glutamine at about0.080-0.084, 0.084-0.088, 0.088-0.092, 0.092-0.096, 0.096-0.100,0.100-0.104, 0.104-0.108, 0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.116, or 0.116-0.120 g, orabout 0.100 g; and BCAA at about 0.080-0.084, 0.084-0.088, 0.088-0.092,0.092-0.096, 0.096-0.100, 0.100-0.104, 0.104-0.108, 0.108-0.112,0.112-0.116, or 0.116-0.120 g, or about 0.100 g. In some embodiments,the composition may consist of or may comprise or may consistessentially of one or more or all of these ingredients. In otherembodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition as disclosed hereinis administered to a subject. In various embodiments, one serving of acomposition as disclosed herein comprise about 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6,6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, 15-16, 16-17,17-18, 18-19, 19-20, 20-21, 21-22, 22-23, 23-24, 24-25, 25-26, 26-27,27-28, 28-29, 29-30, 30-31, 31-32, 32-33, 33-34, 34-35, 35-36, 36-37,37-38, 38-39, 39-40, 40-41, 41-42, 42-43, 43-44, 44-45, 45-46, 46-47,47-48, 48-49, 49-50, 50-51, 51-52, 52-53, 53-54, 54-55, 55-56, 56-57,57-58, 58-59, 59-60, 60-61, 61-62, 62-63, 63-64, 64-65, 65-66, 66-67,67-68, 68-69, 69-70, 70-71, 71-72, 72-73, 73-74, 74-75, 75-76, 76-77,77-78, 78-79, 79-80, 80-81, 81-82, 82-83, 83-84, 84-85, 85-86, 86-87,87-88, 88-89, 89-90, 90-91, 91-92, 92-93, 93-94, 94-95, 95-96, 96-97,97-98, 98-99, or 99-100 g of the composition. In one embodiment, oneserving of a composition as disclosed herein comprises about 35.5 g ofthe composition. In another embodiment, one serving of a composition asdisclosed herein comprises about 41 g of the composition.

In one embodiment, one spoon/level scoop of a composition describedherein is one serving of the composition. In another embodiment, twospoons/level scoops of a composition described herein are one serving ofthe composition. In still another embodiment, three or more spoons/levelscoops of a composition described herein are one serving of thecomposition. In various embodiments, one serving of a composition asdisclosed herein is packaged as one packet, tube, vial, pouch, or bag.In various embodiments, two servings of a composition as disclosedherein are packaged as one packet, tube, vial, pouch, or bag. In variousembodiments, three or more servings of a composition as disclosed hereinare packaged as one packet, tube, vial, pouch, or bag.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition as disclosed iscombined with about 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11,11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, or 15-16 fl. oz. water or any other suitabledrinking liquid before being administrated to a subject.

In some embodiments, 1 serving of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject, for example, if the subject's body weight isbelow about 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, or 190 pounds. In oneembodiment, 1 serving of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject having a body weight below 160 pounds. Inother embodiments, 2 servings of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject at one time, for example, if the subject'sbody weight is at or above about 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, or 190pounds. In one embodiment, 2 servings of a composition described hereinmay be administered to a subject having a body weight at or above 160pounds.

In various embodiments, a subject consumes a composition describedherein after exercise. In various embodiments, the subject consumes acomposition described herein daily. As a non-limiting example, oneserving of a composition described herein (for example, about 35.5 g ofthe composition powder) is mixed with about 8 fl. oz. water or any othersuitable drinking liquid; let sit for about one minute; mixed again ifnecessary; and consumed by a subject. In one embodiment, the compositionis consumed by a subject within a few minutes after preparation.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a composition. Thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more or all of: calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium,pomegranate extract and a combination of whey protein isolate, peaprotein isolate, micellar casein, branched chain amino acids (BCAAs),L-leucine, valine, isoleucine and L-glutamine. The composition mayfurther comprise one or more or all of: sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose,galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar andbeet sugar)), cocoa powder, chocolate flavor, xanthan gum and stevialeaf extract. In various embodiments, the calcium is in the form ofcalcium citrate, and/or calcium chloride, and/or any other suitablecalcium salts or calcium sources. In various embodiments, the magnesiumis in the form of magnesium citrate, and/or magnesium chloride, and/orany other suitable magnesium salts or magnesium sources. In variousembodiments, the sodium is in the form of sodium citrate, and/or sodiumchloride, and/or any other suitable sodium salts or sodium sources. Invarious embodiments, the potassium is in the form of potassium citrate,and/or chloride, and/or any other suitable potassium salts or potassiumsources. In some embodiments, L-leucine, valine and isoleucine are at aratio of 2:1:1. In exemplary embodiments, per serving, the compositionmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: about 140 mg calcium, about 40 mg magnesium, about 300 mgsodium, about 420 mg potassium, about 650 mg pomegranate extract, andabout 23 g of the combination of whey protein isolate, pea proteinisolate, micellar casein, branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), L-leucine,valine, isoleucine and L-glutamine. In exemplar embodiments, thecomposition may be used to improve exercise recovery. In someembodiments, the effective amount of the composition to improve exerciserecovery is about 35.5 grams. In some embodiments, the effective amountof the composition is dissolved in water. For example, 35.5 grams of thecomposition may be dissolved in 8 ounces of water. In some embodiments,the composition is consumed after exercise, for example, within 30minutes after exercise.

Before Sleep

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise recovery. Ingredients of the composition may includebut are not limited to casein, sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose,galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar andbeet sugar)), vanilla flavor, tart cherry extract, sodium chloride,BCAA, L-glutamine, stevia and/or stevia leaf extract, and xanthan gum.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise recovery. The composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of: casein,sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose(for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), vanilla flavor, tart cherryextract, sodium chloride, BCAA, L-glutamine, stevia and/or stevia leafextract, and xanthan gum.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise recovery. The composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of: casein,sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose(for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), vanilla flavor, tart cherryextract, sodium chloride, BCAA, L-glutamine, stevia and/or stevia leafextract, and xanthan gum.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise recovery. The composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of: casein,sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose(for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), vanilla flavor, tart cherryextract, sodium chloride, stevia and/or stevia leaf extract, and xanthangum.

In various embodiments, the casein is micellar casein. In variousembodiments, the sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose,lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) isgranulated sugar. In various embodiments, the vanilla flavor is naturalvanilla flavor, natural vanilla chamomile flavor or vanilla chamomilewild flavor. In various embodiments, the BCAA is BCAA 2:1:1.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise recovery. The composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of: micellarcasein; granulated sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose,lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)); vanillaflavor; tart cherry extract; sodium chloride; BCAA 2:1:1; L-glutamine;stevia; and xanthan gum. In various embodiments, the vanilla flavor isnatural vanilla flavor, natural vanilla chamomile flavor or vanillachamomile wild flavor.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a composition forimproving exercise recovery. The composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of: casein;sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose(for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)); vanilla flavor; tart cherry;sodium chloride; stevia; and xanthan gum. In various embodiments, thevanilla flavor is natural vanilla flavor, natural vanilla chamomileflavor or vanilla chamomile wild flavor.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of casein at about 65.3-68.5%,68.5-71.8%, 71.8-75.1%, 75.1-78.3%, 78.3-81.6%, 81.6-84.9%, 84.9-88.1%,88.1-91.4%, 91.4-94.7%, or 94.7-97.9%, or about 81.6% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)) at about 10.4-10.9%, 10.9-11.4%, 11.4-12.0%,12.0-12.5%, 12.5-13.0%, 13.0-13.5%, 13.5-14.0%, 14.0-14.6%, 14.6-15.1%,or 15.1-15.6%, or about 13.0% by weight or volume. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of vanilla flavor at about 1.40-1.47%, 1.47-1.54%,1.54-1.61%, 1.61-1.68%, 1.68-1.75%, 1.75-1.82%, 1.82-1.89%, 1.89-1.96%,1.96-2.04%, or 2.04-2.11%, or about 1.75% by weight or volume. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of tart cherry extract at about1.35-1.41%, 1.41-1.48%, 1.48-1.55%, 1.55-1.62%, 1.62-1.68%, 1.68-1.75%,1.75-1.82%, 1.82-1.89%, 1.89-1.95%, or 1.95-2.02%, or about 1.68% byweight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of sodium chloride atabout 0.561-0.589%, 0.589-0.618%, 0.618-0.646%, 0.646-0.674%,0.674-0.702%, 0.702-0.730%, 0.730-0.758%, 0.758-0.786%, 0.786-0.814%, or0.814-0.842%, or about 0.702% by weight or volume. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of BCAA at about 0.281-0.295%, 0.295-0.309%,0.309-0.323%, 0.323-0.337%, 0.337-0.351%, 0.351-0.365%, 0.365-0.379%,0.379-0.393%, 0.393-0.407%, or 0.407-0.421%, or about 0.351% by weightor volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of L-glutamine at about0.281-0.295%, 0.295-0.309%, 0.309-0.323%, 0.323-0.337%, 0.337-0.351%,0.351-0.365%, 0.365-0.379%, 0.379-0.393%, 0.393-0.407%, or 0.407-0.421%,or about 0.351% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, thecomposition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consistof stevia and/or stevia leaf extract at about 0.253-0.265%,0.265-0.278%, 0.278-0.291%, 0.291-0.303%, 0.303-0.316%, 0.316-0.328%,0.328-0.341%, 0.341-0.354%, 0.354-0.366%, or 0.366-0.379%, or about0.316% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition maycomprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consist of xanthan gumat about 0.196-0.206%, 0.206-0.216%, 0.216-0.226%, 0.226-0.236%,0.236-0.246%, 0.246-0.255%, 0.255-0.265%, 0.265-0.275%, 0.275-0.285%, or0.285-0.295%, or about 0.246% by weight or volume. In some embodiments,the composition may consist of or may comprise or may consistessentially of one or more or all of these ingredients. In otherembodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: casein at about 65.3-68.5%, 68.5-71.8%, 71.8-75.1%,75.1-78.3%, 78.3-81.6%, 81.6-84.9%, 84.9-88.1%, 88.1-91.4%, 91.4-94.7%,or 94.7-97.9%, or about 81.6% by weight or volume; sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)) at about 10.4-10.9%, 10.9-11.4%, 11.4-12.0%,12.0-12.5%, 12.5-13.0%, 13.0-13.5%, 13.5-14.0%, 14.0-14.6%, 14.6-15.1%,or 15.1-15.6%, or about 13.0% by weight or volume; vanilla flavor atabout 1.40-1.47%, 1.47-1.54%, 1.54-1.61%, 1.61-1.68%, 1.68-1.75%,1.75-1.82%, 1.82-1.89%, 1.89-1.96%, 1.96-2.04%, or 2.04-2.11%, or about1.75% by weight or volume; tart cherry extract at about 1.35-1.41%,1.41-1.48%, 1.48-1.55%, 1.55-1.62%, 1.62-1.68%, 1.68-1.75%, 1.75-1.82%,1.82-1.89%, 1.89-1.95%, or 1.95-2.02%, or about 1.68% by weight orvolume; sodium chloride at about 0.561-0.589%, 0.589-0.618%,0.618-0.646%, 0.646-0.674%, 0.674-0.702%, 0.702-0.730%, 0.730-0.758%,0.758-0.786%, 0.786-0.814%, or 0.814-0.842%, or about 0.702% by weightor volume; BCAA at about 0.281-0.295%, 0.295-0.309%, 0.309-0.323%,0.323-0.337%, 0.337-0.351%, 0.351-0.365%, 0.365-0.379%, 0.379-0.393%,0.393-0.407%, or 0.407-0.421%, or about 0.351% by weight or volume;L-glutamine at about 0.281-0.295%, 0.295-0.309%, 0.309-0.323%,0.323-0.337%, 0.337-0.351%, 0.351-0.365%, 0.365-0.379%, 0.379-0.393%,0.393-0.407%, or 0.407-0.421%, or about 0.351% by weight or volume;stevia and/or stevia leaf extract at about 0.253-0.265%, 0.265-0.278%,0.278-0.291%, 0.291-0.303%, 0.303-0.316%, 0.316-0.328%, 0.328-0.341%,0.341-0.354%, 0.354-0.366%, or 0.366-0.379%, or about 0.316% by weightor volume; and xanthan gum at about 0.196-0.206%, 0.206-0.216%,0.216-0.226%, 0.226-0.236%, 0.236-0.246%, 0.246-0.255%, 0.255-0.265%,0.265-0.275%, 0.275-0.285%, or 0.285-0.295%, or about 0.246% by weightor volume. In some embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of theseingredients. In other embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of casein at about 64.9-68.2%,68.2-71.4%, 71.4-74.7%, 74.7-77.9%, 77.9-81.2%, 81.2-84.4%, 84.4-87.7%,87.7-90.9%, 90.9-94.2%, or 94.2-97.4%, or about 81.2% by weight orvolume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or mayconsist essentially of, or may consist of sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)) at about 11.1-11.6%, 11.6-12.2%, 12.2-12.8%,12.8-13.3%, 13.3-13.9%, 13.9-14.4%, 14.4-15.0%, 15.0-15.5%, 15.5-16.1%,or 16.1-16.6%, or about 13.9% by weight or volume. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of vanilla flavor at about 1.43-1.50%, 1.50-1.57%,1.57-1.64%, 1.64-1.71%, 1.71-1.79%, 1.79-1.86%, 1.86-1.93%, 1.93-2.00%,2.00-2.07%, or 2.07-2.14%, or about 1.79% by weight or volume. Invarious embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of tart cherry extract at about1.37-1.44%, 1.44-1.51%, 1.51-1.58%, 1.58-1.65%, 1.65-1.71%, 1.71-1.78%,1.78-1.85%, 1.85-1.92%, 1.92-1.99%, or 1.99-2.06%, or about 1.71% byweight or volume. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise,or may consist essentially of, or may consist of sodium chloride atabout 0.571-0.600%, 0.600-0.629%, 0.629-0.657%, 0.657-0.686%,0.686-0.714%, 0.714-0.743%, 0.743-0.771%, 0.771-0.800%, 0.800-0.829%, or0.829-0.857%, or about 0.714% by weight or volume. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of stevia and/or stevia leaf extract at about0.257-0.270%, 0.270-0.283%, 0.283-0.296%, 0.296-0.309%, 0.309-0.321%,0.321-0.334%, 0.334-0.347%, 0.347-0.360%, 0.360-0.373%, or 0.373-0.386%,or about 0.321% by weight or volume. In various embodiments, thecomposition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consistof xanthan gum at about 0.200-0.210%, 0.210-0.220%, 0.220-0.230%,0.230-0.240%, 0.240-0.250%, 0.250-0.260%, 0.260-0.270%, 0.270-0.280%,0.280-0.290%, or 0.290-0.300%, or about 0.250% by weight or volume. Insome embodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of one or more or all of these ingredients. In otherembodiments, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: casein at about 64.9-68.2%, 68.2-71.4%, 71.4-74.7%,74.7-77.9%, 77.9-81.2%, 81.2-84.4%, 84.4-87.7%, 87.7-90.9%, 90.9-94.2%,or 94.2-97.4%, or about 81.2% by weight or volume; sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, canesugar and beet sugar)) at about 11.1-11.6%, 11.6-12.2%, 12.2-12.8%,12.8-13.3%, 13.3-13.9%, 13.9-14.4%, 14.4-15.0%, 15.0-15.5%, 15.5-16.1%,or 16.1-16.6%, or about 13.9% by weight or volume; vanilla flavor atabout 1.43-1.50%, 1.50-1.57%, 1.57-1.64%, 1.64-1.71%, 1.71-1.79%,1.79-1.86%, 1.86-1.93%, 1.93-2.00%, 2.00-2.07%, or 2.07-2.14%, or about1.79% by weight or volume; tart cherry extract at about 1.37-1.44%,1.44-1.51%, 1.51-1.58%, 1.58-1.65%, 1.65-1.71%, 1.71-1.78%, 1.78-1.85%,1.85-1.92%, 1.92-1.99%, or 1.99-2.06%, or about 1.71% by weight orvolume; sodium chloride at about 0.571-0.600%, 0.600-0.629%,0.629-0.657%, 0.657-0.686%, 0.686-0.714%, 0.714-0.743%, 0.743-0.771%,0.771-0.800%, 0.800-0.829%, or 0.829-0.857%, or about 0.714% by weightor volume; stevia and/or stevia leaf extract at about 0.257-0.270%,0.270-0.283%, 0.283-0.296%, 0.296-0.309%, 0.309-0.321%, 0.321-0.334%,0.334-0.347%, 0.347-0.360%, 0.360-0.373%, or 0.373-0.386%, or about0.321% by weight or volume; and xanthan gum at about 0.200-0.210%,0.210-0.220%, 0.220-0.230%, 0.230-0.240%, 0.240-0.250%, 0.250-0.260%,0.260-0.270%, 0.270-0.280%, 0.280-0.290%, or 0.290-0.300%, or about0.250% by weight or volume. In some embodiments, the composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more orall of these ingredients. In other embodiments, the composition mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of all of theseingredients.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of casein at about 18.6-19.5, 19.5-20.5,20.5-21.4, 21.4-22.3, 22.3-23.3, 23.3-24.2, 24.2-25.1, 25.1-26.0,26.0-27.0, or 27.0-27.9 g, or about 23.3 g. In various embodiments, thecomposition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consistof sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, andsucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about 2.96-3.11,3.11-3.26, 3.26-3.41, 3.41-3.56, 3.56-3.70, 3.70-3.85, 3.85-4.00,4.00-4.15, 4.15-4.30, or 4.30-4.44 g, or about 3.70 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of vanilla flavor at about 0.400-0.420, 0.420-0.440,0.440-0.460, 0.460-0.480, 0.480-0.500, 0.500-0.520, 0.520-0.540,0.540-0.560, 0.560-0.580, or 0.580-0.600 g, or about 0.500 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of tart cherry extract at about 0.384-0.403,0.403-0.422, 0.422-0.442, 0.442-0.461, 0.461-0.480, 0.480-0.499,0.499-0.518, 0.518-0.538, 0.538-0.557, or 0.557-0.576 g, or about 0.480g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of sodium chloride at about 0.160-0.168,0.168-0.176, 0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192, 0.192-0.200, 0.200-0.208,0.208-0.216, 0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or 0.232-0.240 g, or about 0.200g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of BCAA at about 0.080-0.084,0.084-0.088, 0.088-0.092, 0.092-0.096, 0.096-0.100, 0.100-0.104,0.104-0.108, 0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.116, or 0.116-0.120 g, or about 0.100g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of L-glutamine at about 0.080-0.084,0.084-0.088, 0.088-0.092, 0.092-0.096, 0.096-0.100, 0.100-0.104,0.104-0.108, 0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.116, or 0.116-0.120 g, or about 0.100g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of stevia and/or stevia leaf extract atabout 0.0720-0.0756, 0.0756-0.0792, 0.0792-0.0828, 0.0828-0.0864,0.0864-0.0900, 0.0900-0.0936, 0.0936-0.0972, 0.0972-0.1008,0.1008-0.1044, or 0.1044-0.1080 g, or about 0.0900 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of xanthan gum at about 0.0560-0.0588, 0.0588-0.0616,0.0616-0.0644, 0.0644-0.0672, 0.0672-0.0700, 0.0700-0.0728,0.0728-0.0756, 0.0756-0.0784, 0.0784-0.0812, or 0.0812-0.0840 g, orabout 0.0700 g. In some embodiments, the composition may consist of ormay comprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of theseingredients. In other embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: casein at about 18.6-19.5, 19.5-20.5, 20.5-21.4, 21.4-22.3,22.3-23.3, 23.3-24.2, 24.2-25.1, 25.1-26.0, 26.0-27.0, or 27.0-27.9 g,or about 23.3 g; sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose,lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about2.96-3.11, 3.11-3.26, 3.26-3.41, 3.41-3.56, 3.56-3.70, 3.70-3.85,3.85-4.00, 4.00-4.15, 4.15-4.30, or 4.30-4.44 g, or about 3.70 g;vanilla flavor at about 0.400-0.420, 0.420-0.440, 0.440-0.460,0.460-0.480, 0.480-0.500, 0.500-0.520, 0.520-0.540, 0.540-0.560,0.560-0.580, or 0.580-0.600 g, or about 0.500 g; tart cherry extract atabout 0.384-0.403, 0.403-0.422, 0.422-0.442, 0.442-0.461, 0.461-0.480,0.480-0.499, 0.499-0.518, 0.518-0.538, 0.538-0.557, or 0.557-0.576 g, orabout 0.480 g; sodium chloride at about 0.160-0.168, 0.168-0.176,0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192, 0.192-0.200, 0.200-0.208, 0.208-0.216,0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or 0.232-0.240 g, or about 0.200 g; BCAA atabout 0.080-0.084, 0.084-0.088, 0.088-0.092, 0.092-0.096, 0.096-0.100,0.100-0.104, 0.104-0.108, 0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.116, or 0.116-0.120 g, orabout 0.100 g; L-glutamine at about 0.080-0.084, 0.084-0.088,0.088-0.092, 0.092-0.096, 0.096-0.100, 0.100-0.104, 0.104-0.108,0.108-0.112, 0.112-0.116, or 0.116-0.120 g, or about 0.100 g; steviaand/or stevia leaf extract at about 0.0720-0.0756, 0.0756-0.0792,0.0792-0.0828, 0.0828-0.0864, 0.0864-0.0900, 0.0900-0.0936,0.0936-0.0972, 0.0972-0.1008, 0.1008-0.1044, or 0.1044-0.1080 g, orabout 0.0900 g; and xanthan gum at about 0.0560-0.0588, 0.0588-0.0616,0.0616-0.0644, 0.0644-0.0672, 0.0672-0.0700, 0.0700-0.0728,0.0728-0.0756, 0.0756-0.0784, 0.0784-0.0812, or 0.0812-0.0840 g, orabout 0.0700 g. In some embodiments, the composition may consist of ormay comprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of theseingredients. In other embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of casein at about 18.2-19.1, 19.1-20.0,20.0-20.9, 20.9-21.8, 21.8-22.7, 22.7-23.6, 23.6-24.5, 24.5-25.5,25.5-26.4, or 26.4-27.3 g, or about 22.7 g. In various embodiments, thecomposition may comprise, or may consist essentially of, or may consistof sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, andsucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about 3.11-3.26,3.26-3.42, 3.42-3.57, 3.57-3.73, 3.73-3.88, 3.88-4.04, 4.04-4.19,4.19-4.35, 4.35-4.50, or 4.50-4.66 g, or about 3.88 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of vanilla flavor at about 0.400-0.420, 0.420-0.440,0.440-0.460, 0.460-0.480, 0.480-0.500, 0.500-0.520, 0.520-0.540,0.540-0.560, 0.560-0.580, or 0.580-0.600 g, or about 0.500 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of tart cherry extract at about 0.384-0.403,0.403-0.422, 0.422-0.442, 0.442-0.461, 0.461-0.480, 0.480-0.499,0.499-0.518, 0.518-0.538, 0.538-0.557, or 0.557-0.576 g, or about 0.480g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of sodium chloride at about 0.160-0.168,0.168-0.176, 0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192, 0.192-0.200, 0.200-0.208,0.208-0.216, 0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or 0.232-0.240 g, or about 0.200g. In various embodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consistessentially of, or may consist of stevia and/or stevia leaf extract atabout 0.0720-0.0756, 0.0756-0.0792, 0.0792-0.0828, 0.0828-0.0864,0.0864-0.0900, 0.0900-0.0936, 0.0936-0.0972, 0.0972-0.1008,0.1008-0.1044, or 0.1044-0.1080 g, or about 0.0900 g. In variousembodiments, the composition may comprise, or may consist essentiallyof, or may consist of xanthan gum at about 0.0560-0.0588, 0.0588-0.0616,0.0616-0.0644, 0.0644-0.0672, 0.0672-0.0700, 0.0700-0.0728,0.0728-0.0756, 0.0756-0.0784, 0.0784-0.0812, or 0.0812-0.0840 g, orabout 0.0700 g. In some embodiments, the composition may consist of ormay comprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of theseingredients. In other embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition described hereinmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of one or moreor all of: casein at about 18.2-19.1, 19.1-20.0, 20.0-20.9, 20.9-21.8,21.8-22.7, 22.7-23.6, 23.6-24.5, 24.5-25.5, 25.5-26.4, or 26.4-27.3 g,or about 22.7 g; sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose,lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) at about3.11-3.26, 3.26-3.42, 3.42-3.57, 3.57-3.73, 3.73-3.88, 3.88-4.04,4.04-4.19, 4.19-4.35, 4.35-4.50, or 4.50-4.66 g, or about 3.88 g;vanilla flavor at about 0.400-0.420, 0.420-0.440, 0.440-0.460,0.460-0.480, 0.480-0.500, 0.500-0.520, 0.520-0.540, 0.540-0.560,0.560-0.580, or 0.580-0.600 g, or about 0.500 g; tart cherry extract atabout 0.384-0.403, 0.403-0.422, 0.422-0.442, 0.442-0.461, 0.461-0.480,0.480-0.499, 0.499-0.518, 0.518-0.538, 0.538-0.557, or 0.557-0.576 g, orabout 0.480 g; sodium chloride at about 0.160-0.168, 0.168-0.176,0.176-0.184, 0.184-0.192, 0.192-0.200, 0.200-0.208, 0.208-0.216,0.216-0.224, 0.224-0.232, or 0.232-0.240 g, or about 0.200 g; steviaand/or stevia leaf extract at about 0.0720-0.0756, 0.0756-0.0792,0.0792-0.0828, 0.0828-0.0864, 0.0864-0.0900, 0.0900-0.0936,0.0936-0.0972, 0.0972-0.1008, 0.1008-0.1044, or 0.1044-0.1080 g, orabout 0.0900 g; and xanthan gum at about 0.0560-0.0588, 0.0588-0.0616,0.0616-0.0644, 0.0644-0.0672, 0.0672-0.0700, 0.0700-0.0728,0.0728-0.0756, 0.0756-0.0784, 0.0784-0.0812, or 0.0812-0.0840 g, orabout 0.0700 g. In some embodiments, the composition may consist of ormay comprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of theseingredients. In other embodiments, the composition may consist of or maycomprise or may consist essentially of all of these ingredients.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition as disclosed hereinis administered to a subject. In various embodiments, one serving of acomposition as disclosed herein comprise about 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6,6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, 15-16, 16-17,17-18, 18-19, 19-20, 20-21, 21-22, 22-23, 23-24, 24-25, 25-26, 26-27,27-28, 28-29, 29-30, 30-31, 31-32, 32-33, 33-34, 34-35, 35-36, 36-37,37-38, 38-39, 39-40, 40-41, 41-42, 42-43, 43-44, 44-45, 45-46, 46-47,47-48, 48-49, 49-50, 50-51, 51-52, 52-53, 53-54, 54-55, 55-56, 56-57,57-58, 58-59, 59-60, 60-61, 61-62, 62-63, 63-64, 64-65, 65-66, 66-67,67-68, 68-69, 69-70, 70-71, 71-72, 72-73, 73-74, 74-75, 75-76, 76-77,77-78, 78-79, 79-80, 80-81, 81-82, 82-83, 83-84, 84-85, 85-86, 86-87,87-88, 88-89, 89-90, 90-91, 91-92, 92-93, 93-94, 94-95, 95-96, 96-97,97-98, 98-99, or 99-100 g of the composition. In one embodiment, oneserving of a composition as disclosed herein comprises about 28.5 g ofthe composition. In another embodiment, one serving of a composition asdisclosed herein comprises about 28 g of the composition.

In one embodiment, one spoon/level scoop of a composition describedherein is one serving of the composition. In another embodiment, twospoons/level scoops of a composition described herein are one serving ofthe composition. In still another embodiment, three or more spoons/levelscoops of a composition described herein are one serving of thecomposition. In various embodiments, one serving of a composition asdisclosed herein is packaged as one packet, tube, vial, pouch, or bag.In various embodiments, two servings of a composition as disclosedherein are packaged as one packet, tube, vial, pouch, or bag. In variousembodiments, three or more servings of a composition as disclosed hereinare packaged as one packet, tube, vial, pouch, or bag.

In various embodiments, one serving of a composition as disclosed iscombined with about 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11,11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, or 15-16 fl. oz. water or any other suitabledrinking liquid before being administrated to a subject.

In some embodiments, 1 serving of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject, for example, if the subject's body weight isbelow about 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, or 190 pounds. In oneembodiment, 1 serving of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject having a body weight below 160 pounds. Inother embodiments, 2 servings of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject at one time, for example, if the subject'sbody weight is at or above about 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, or 190pounds. In one embodiment, 2 servings of a composition described hereinmay be administered to a subject having a body weight at or above 160pounds.

In various embodiments, a subject consumes a composition describedherein after exercise and before sleep. In some embodiments, a subjectconsumes a composition described herein immediately before sleep. Invarious embodiments, the subject consumes a composition described hereindaily. As a non-limiting example, one serving of a composition describedherein (for example, about 28.5 g of the composition powder) is mixedwith about 8 fl. oz. water or any other suitable drinking liquid; letsit for about one minute; mixed again if necessary; and consumed by asubject. In one embodiment, the composition is consumed by a subjectwithin a few minutes after preparation.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide a composition. Thecomposition may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more or all of: calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, tartcherry powder and a combination of micellar casein, branched chain aminoacids (BCAAs), L-leucine, valine, isoleucine and L-glutamine. Thecomposition may further comprise one or more or all of: sugar (e.g.,glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (forexample, cane sugar and beet sugar)), vanilla flavor, stevia leafextract and xanthan gum. In various embodiments, the calcium is in theform of calcium citrate, and/or calcium chloride, and/or any othersuitable calcium salts or calcium sources. In various embodiments, themagnesium is in the form of magnesium citrate, and/or magnesiumchloride, and/or any other suitable magnesium salts or magnesiumsources. In various embodiments, the sodium is in the form of sodiumcitrate, and/or sodium chloride, and/or any other suitable sodium saltsor sodium sources. In various embodiments, the potassium is in the formof potassium citrate, and/or chloride, and/or any other suitablepotassium salts or potassium sources. In some embodiments, L-leucine,valine and isoleucine are at a ratio of 2:1:1. In exemplary embodiments,per serving, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of one or more or all of: about 420 mg calcium,about 15 mg magnesium, about 80 mg sodium, about 50 mg potassium, about480 mg tart cherry powder, and about 23 g of the combination of micellarcasein, branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), L-leucine, valine,isoleucine and L-glutamine. In exemplar embodiments, the composition maybe used to improve exercise recovery. In some embodiments, the effectiveamount of the composition to improve exercise recovery is about 28.5grams. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the composition isdissolved in water. For example, 28.5 grams of the composition may bedissolved in 8 ounces of water. In some embodiments, the composition isconsumed before sleep, for example, within 1 hour before sleep.

In various embodiments, one, or more, or all of the ingredients of acomposition described herein are dry blended together. In variousembodiments, a composition described herein is provided in powder.

In various embodiments, a compositions described herein may beformulated in form of a solid, liquid or emulsion. For example, acomposition described herein is provided in solid form as packets,tubes, vials, pouches or bags of powder that may be added to water or abeverage of a subject's choice for ease of consumption. In someembodiments, a composition described herein may be encapsulated,tableted or prepared in an emulsion or syrup for oral administration.

In various embodiments, a composition described herein may furtherinclude an excipient. As used herein, an “excipient” is a natural orsynthetic substance formulated alongside the active ingredient of acomposition or formula, included for the purpose of bulking-up thecomposition or formula. Thus, “excipient” is often referred to as“bulking agent”, “filler”, or “diluent”. For a non-limiting example, oneor more excipients may be added to a composition described herein andincrease the composition's volume or size so that one serving of thecomposition fits into one spoon/level scoop. Also, an “excipient” mayconfer an enhancement on the active ingredients in the final dosageform, such as facilitating absorption or solubility of the activeingredients.

The compositions may be made following conventional techniques involvingdry milling, mixing, and blending for powder forms; milling, mixing,granulation, and compressing for tablet forms; or milling, mixing andfilling for hard gelatin capsule forms. The compositions of theinvention may be sterilized by conventional sterilization techniques.

The compositions according to the invention may be delivered in aneffective amount for improving exercise performance and/or recovery. Theprecise effective amount is that amount of the composition that willyield the most effective results in terms of efficacy of exerciseperformance and/or recovery in a given subject. This amount will varydepending upon a variety of factors, including but not limited to thecharacteristics of the formula's ingredients (including activity andbioavailability), the physiological condition of the subject (includingage, sex, weight, metabolism, general physical condition, responsivenessto exercise nutrition systems), and the route of administration. Oneordinarily skilled in the art will be able to determine an effectiveamount through routine experimentation, for instance, by monitoring asubject's response to administration of a composition described hereinand adjusting the amounts of each accordingly.

A composition described herein may be administered in any number ofroutes. In accordance with the present invention, it is considered as“administering” that a subject consumes a composition as disclosedherein. Also in accordance with the present invention, “improvingexercise performance and/or recovery” may mean that one subject'sexercise performance and/or recovery is better with taking a compositionas disclosed herein than without taking a composition as disclosedherein.

Methods of the Invention

Before Exercise

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery in a subject. The methodmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of: providinga composition described herein; and administering an effective amount ofthe composition to the subject, thereby improving exercise performanceand/or recovery in a subject. In various embodiments, the composition isadministered to the subject before an exercise.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method forcontrolling body weight and/or for promoting weight loss in a subject.The method may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of:providing a composition as disclosed herein; administering an effectiveamount of the composition to the subject, and subjecting the subject toan exercise after administering the effective amount of the composition,thereby controlling body weight and/or for promoting weight loss in thesubject.

In various embodiments, the composition is administered before anexercise. In various embodiments, the composition is administered about1-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50,50-55, or 55-60 minutes, or 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9,9-10, 10-11, or 11-12 hours before the exercise.

In various embodiments, the dosage of the composition is adjustedaccording to the subject's body weight. For example, if the subject'sbody weight is below about 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, or 190 pounds,the subject may take 1 serving; and if the subject's body weight is ator above about 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, or 190 pounds, the subjectmay take 2 servings. In certain embodiments, if the subject's bodyweight is below about 160 pounds, the subject may take 1 serving; and ifthe subject's body weight is at or above about 160 pounds, the subjectmay take 2 servings.

In various embodiments, the composition is administered at about 1-2,2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, 13-14,14-15, 15-16, 16-17, 17-18, 18-19, 19-20, 20-21, 21-22, 22-23, 23-24,24-25, 25-26, 26-27, 27-28, 28-29, 29-30, 30-31, 31-32, 32-33, 33-34,34-35, 35-36, 36-37, 37-38, 38-39, 39-40, 40-41, 41-42, 42-43, 43-44,44-45, 45-46, 46-47, 47-48, 48-49, 49-50, 50-51, 51-52, 52-53, 53-54,54-55, 55-56, 56-57, 57-58, 58-59, 59-60, 60-61, 61-62, 62-63, 63-64,64-65, 65-66, 66-67, 67-68, 68-69, 69-70, 70-71, 71-72, 72-73, 73-74,74-75, 75-76, 76-77, 77-78, 78-79, 79-80, 80-81, 81-82, 82-83, 83-84,84-85, 85-86, 86-87, 87-88, 88-89, 89-90, 90-91, 91-92, 92-93, 93-94,94-95, 95-96, 96-97, 97-98, 98-99, or 99-100 g per serving. In variousembodiments, the composition is administered one, two, three, four orfive times per day. In various embodiments, the composition isadministered for about 1-3, 3-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60,60-70, 70-80, 80-90 or 90-100 days, 1-6 or 6-12 months, or 1-5 years.

During Exercise

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery in a subject. The methodmay consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of: providinga composition described herein; and administering an effective amount ofthe composition to the subject, thereby improving exercise performanceand/or recovery in a subject. In various embodiments, the composition isadministered to the subject during an exercise.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method forcontrolling body weight and/or for promoting weight loss in a subject.The method may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of:providing a composition as disclosed herein; subjecting the subject toan exercise; and administering an effective amount of the composition tothe subject during the exercise, thereby controlling body weight and/orfor promoting weight loss in the subject.

In various embodiments, the composition is administered during anexercise In various embodiments, the exercise is about 1-5, 5-10, 10-15,15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-55, or 55-60minutes, or 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, or11-12 hours. In various embodiments, the dosage of the composition isadjusted according to the duration of the exercise.

In various embodiments, for every about 30 minutes, one serving of acomposition as disclosed herein is administered to a subject. In someembodiments, for every about 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 minutes, one servingof a composition as disclosed herein is administered to a subject.

In some embodiments, 1 serving of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject, for example, during an exercise of about1-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, or 40-50 minutes. In some embodiments, 2servings of a composition described herein may be administered to asubject, for example, during an exercise of about 30-40, 40-50, 50-60,60-70, or 70-80 minutes. In some embodiments, 3 servings of acomposition described herein may be administered to a subject, forexample, during an exercise of about 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, or100-110 minutes. In some embodiments, 4 servings of a compositiondescribed herein may be administered to a subject, for example, duringan exercise of about 90-100, 100-110, 110-120, 120-130, or 130-140minutes.

In one embodiment, 1 serving of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject during an exercise of about 1-30 minutes. Inone embodiment, 2 servings of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject during an exercise of about 30-60 minutes. Inone embodiment, 3 servings of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject during an exercise of about 60-90 minutes. Inone embodiment, 4 servings of a composition described herein may beadministered to a subject during an exercise of about 90-120 minutes.

In various embodiments, the number of servings administered to a subjectduring an exercise is calculated by dividing the exercise’ duration (inthe unit of minute) by 30 minutes. For non-limiting examples, 1 servingis for an exercise of about 15-45 minutes; 2 servings are for anexercise of about 45-75 minutes; 3 servings are for an exercise of about75-105 minutes; and 4 servings are for an exercise of about 105-135minutes.

In various embodiments, the composition is administered at about 1-2,2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, 13-14,14-15, 15-16, 16-17, 17-18, 18-19, 19-20, 20-21, 21-22, 22-23, 23-24,24-25, 25-26, 26-27, 27-28, 28-29, 29-30, 30-31, 31-32, 32-33, 33-34,34-35, 35-36, 36-37, 37-38, 38-39, 39-40, 40-41, 41-42, 42-43, 43-44,44-45, 45-46, 46-47, 47-48, 48-49, 49-50, 50-51, 51-52, 52-53, 53-54,54-55, 55-56, 56-57, 57-58, 58-59, 59-60, 60-61, 61-62, 62-63, 63-64,64-65, 65-66, 66-67, 67-68, 68-69, 69-70, 70-71, 71-72, 72-73, 73-74,74-75, 75-76, 76-77, 77-78, 78-79, 79-80, 80-81, 81-82, 82-83, 83-84,84-85, 85-86, 86-87, 87-88, 88-89, 89-90, 90-91, 91-92, 92-93, 93-94,94-95, 95-96, 96-97, 97-98, 98-99, or 99-100 g per serving. In variousembodiments, the composition is administered one, two, three, four orfive times per day. In various embodiments, the composition isadministered for about 1-3, 3-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60,60-70, 70-80, 80-90 or 90-100 days, 1-6 or 6-12 months, or 1-5 years.

After Exercise

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method forimproving exercise recovery in a subject. The method may consist of ormay comprise or may consist essentially of: providing a compositiondescribed herein; and administering an effective amount of thecomposition to the subject, thereby improving exercise recovery in asubject. In various embodiments, the composition is administered to thesubject after an exercise.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method forcontrolling body weight and/or for promoting lean muscle growth in asubject. The method may consist of or may comprise or may consistessentially of: providing a composition as disclosed herein; subjectingthe subject to an exercise; and administering an effective amount of thecomposition to the subject after the exercise, thereby controlling bodyweight and/or for promoting lean muscle growth in the subject.

In various embodiments, the composition is administered after anexercise. In various embodiments, the composition is administered about1-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50,50-55, or 55-60 minutes, or 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9,9-10, 10-11, or 11-12 hours after the exercise. In various embodiments,the composition is administered within about 1-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20,20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-55, or 55-60 minutes, or1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, or 5-6 hours after the exercise.

In various embodiments, one serving is administered to the subject afterone exercise. In some embodiments, the dosage of the composition is notadjusted according to the subject's body weight. In other embodiments,the dosage of the composition is adjusted according to the subject'sbody weight. For example, if the subject's body weight is below about130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, or 190 pounds, the subject may take 1serving; and if the subject's body weight is at or above about 130, 140,150, 160, 170, 180, or 190 pounds, the subject may take 2 servings. Incertain embodiments, if the subject's body weight is below about 160pounds, the subject may take 1 serving; and if the subject's body weightis at or above about 160 pounds, the subject may take 2 servings.

In various embodiments, the composition is administered at about 1-2,2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, 13-14,14-15, 15-16, 16-17, 17-18, 18-19, 19-20, 20-21, 21-22, 22-23, 23-24,24-25, 25-26, 26-27, 27-28, 28-29, 29-30, 30-31, 31-32, 32-33, 33-34,34-35, 35-36, 36-37, 37-38, 38-39, 39-40, 40-41, 41-42, 42-43, 43-44,44-45, 45-46, 46-47, 47-48, 48-49, 49-50, 50-51, 51-52, 52-53, 53-54,54-55, 55-56, 56-57, 57-58, 58-59, 59-60, 60-61, 61-62, 62-63, 63-64,64-65, 65-66, 66-67, 67-68, 68-69, 69-70, 70-71, 71-72, 72-73, 73-74,74-75, 75-76, 76-77, 77-78, 78-79, 79-80, 80-81, 81-82, 82-83, 83-84,84-85, 85-86, 86-87, 87-88, 88-89, 89-90, 90-91, 91-92, 92-93, 93-94,94-95, 95-96, 96-97, 97-98, 98-99, or 99-100 g per serving. In variousembodiments, the composition is administered one, two, three, four orfive times per day. In various embodiments, the composition isadministered for about 1-3, 3-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60,60-70, 70-80, 80-90 or 90-100 days, 1-6 or 6-12 months, or 1-5 years.

Before Sleep

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method forimproving exercise recovery in a subject. The method may consist of ormay comprise or may consist essentially of: providing a compositiondescribed herein; and administering an effective amount of thecomposition to the subject, thereby improving exercise recovery in asubject. In various embodiments, the composition is administered to thesubject after an exercise and before sleep. In some embodiments, thecomposition is administered to the subject immediately before sleep.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method forcontrolling body weight and/or for promoting lean muscle growth in asubject. The method may consist of or may comprise or may consistessentially of: providing a composition as disclosed herein; subjectingthe subject to an exercise; and administering an effective amount of thecomposition to the subject after the exercise and before sleep, therebycontrolling body weight and/or for promoting lean muscle growth in thesubject. In some embodiments, the composition is administered to thesubject immediately before sleep.

In various embodiments, the composition is administered before sleep. Insome embodiments, the composition is administered about 1-5, 5-10,10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-55, or 55-60minutes before sleep. In other embodiments, the composition isadministered about 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, or 5-6 hours before sleep. Insome embodiments, the composition is administered within about 1-5,5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-55, or55-60 minutes before sleep. In other embodiments, the composition isadministered within about 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, or 5-6 hours before sleep.In various embodiments, the composition is administered to the subjectimmediately before sleep.

In various embodiments, the composition is administered after anexercise. In various embodiments, the composition is administered about1-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50,50-55, or 55-60 minutes, or 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9,9-10, 10-11, or 11-12 hours after the exercise. In various embodiments,the composition is administered within about 1-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20,20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-55, or 55-60 minutes, or1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, or 11-12 hoursafter the exercise. In various embodiments, the composition isadministered after an exercise and before sleep.

In various embodiments, one serving is administered to the subject. Insome embodiments, the dosage of the composition is not adjustedaccording to the subject's body weight. In other embodiments, the dosageof the composition is adjusted according to the subject's body weight.For example, if the subject's body weight is below about 130, 140, 150,160, 170, 180, or 190 pounds, the subject may take 1 serving; and if thesubject's body weight is at or above about 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180,or 190 pounds, the subject may take 2 servings. In certain embodiments,if the subject's body weight is below about 160 pounds, the subject maytake 1 serving; and if the subject's body weight is at or above about160 pounds, the subject may take 2 servings.

In various embodiments, the composition is administered at about 1-2,2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, 13-14,14-15, 15-16, 16-17, 17-18, 18-19, 19-20, 20-21, 21-22, 22-23, 23-24,24-25, 25-26, 26-27, 27-28, 28-29, 29-30, 30-31, 31-32, 32-33, 33-34,34-35, 35-36, 36-37, 37-38, 38-39, 39-40, 40-41, 41-42, 42-43, 43-44,44-45, 45-46, 46-47, 47-48, 48-49, 49-50, 50-51, 51-52, 52-53, 53-54,54-55, 55-56, 56-57, 57-58, 58-59, 59-60, 60-61, 61-62, 62-63, 63-64,64-65, 65-66, 66-67, 67-68, 68-69, 69-70, 70-71, 71-72, 72-73, 73-74,74-75, 75-76, 76-77, 77-78, 78-79, 79-80, 80-81, 81-82, 82-83, 83-84,84-85, 85-86, 86-87, 87-88, 88-89, 89-90, 90-91, 91-92, 92-93, 93-94,94-95, 95-96, 96-97, 97-98, 98-99, or 99-100 g per serving. In variousembodiments, the composition is administered one, two, three, four orfive times per day. In various embodiments, the composition isadministered for about 1-3, 3-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60,60-70, 70-80, 80-90 or 90-100 days, 1-6 or 6-12 months, or 1-5 years.

In various embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, thesubject has a normal body weight or a normal body mass index (BMI). Insome embodiment, the subject is overweight or obese, or has a BMI overthe normal range. In some embodiment, the subject is underweight, or hasa BMI below the normal range. In accordance with the present invention,for adults 20 years and older: a BMI below 18.5 is consideredunderweight; a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is considered normal or healthy; aBMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight; and a BMI of 30 or higher isconsidered obese.

In various embodiments, the composition is administered orally to thesubject. In various embodiments, the composition is administered withwater or a beverage to the subject.

Kits of the Invention

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a kit forimproving exercise performance and/or recovery in a subject. The kit mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of: a compositiondescribed herein; and instructions for using the composition to improveexercise performance and/or recovery in the subject.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a kit forcontrolling body weight and/or for promoting weight loss in a subject.The kit may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of: acomposition as disclosed herein; and instructions for using thecomposition and an exercise to control body weight and/or promote weightloss in the subject.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a kit forcontrolling body weight and/or for promoting lean muscle growth in asubject. The kit may consist of or may comprise or may consistessentially of: a composition as disclosed herein; and instructions forusing the composition and an exercise to control body weight and/orpromote lean muscle growth in the subject.

The kit is an assemblage of materials or components, including at leastone of the inventive compositions. In one embodiment, the kit mayconsist of or may comprise or may consist essentially of a compositiondescribed herein. In various embodiments, the kit may contain one ormore servings of the composition.

Instructions for use may be included in the kit. “Instructions for use”typically include a tangible expression describing the technique to beemployed in using the components of the kit to affect a desired outcome.In various embodiments, the instructions comprise a program guide,exercise planner, manual, and/or recipe guide. Optionally, the kit alsocontains other useful components, such as, water, tea, beverages,fruits, vegetables, containers, applicators, measuring tools, or otheruseful materials as will be readily recognized by those of skill in theart.

The materials or components assembled in the kit can be provided to thepractitioner stored in any convenient and suitable ways that preservetheir operability and utility. The components are typically contained insuitable packaging material(s). As employed herein, the phrase“packaging material” refers to one or more physical structures used tohouse the contents of the kit, such as inventive compositions and thelike. The packaging material is constructed by well-known methods, andmay provide a sterile, contaminant-free environment. As used herein, theterm “package” refers to a suitable solid matrix or material such asglass, plastic, paper, foil, and the like, capable of holding theindividual kit components. Thus, for example, a package can be a paperpacket to contain suitable quantities of a composition as describedherein. The packaging material generally has an external label whichindicates the contents and/or purpose of the kit and/or its components.

Many variations and alternative elements have been disclosed inembodiments of the present invention. Still further variations andalternate elements will be apparent to one of skill in the art. Amongthese variations, without limitation, are the selection of constituentmodules for the inventive methods, compositions, kits, and systems, andthe various conditions, diseases, and disorders that may be diagnosed,prognosed or treated therewith. Various embodiments of the invention canspecifically include or exclude any of these variations or elements.

Various compositions of the present invention are described using thelanguage “may consist of or may comprise or may consist essentially ofone or more or all of certain ingredients.” As used herein, the term“one or more or all” encompasses various embodiments where at least one,two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, . . . , until all thoseingredients are included in a composition described herein. As anon-limiting example, a composition as described herein may consist ofor may comprise or may consist essentially of one or more or all of:ingredient 1, ingredient 2, ingredient 3, ingredient 4, ingredient 5,ingredient 6, ingredient 7, ingredient 8, ingredient 9, . . . , andingredient N (where N is the total number of possible ingredients).Accordingly, the composition may consist of or may comprise or mayconsist essentially of at least X of all these possible ingredients,wherein X is any integer between 1 and N (i.e., X=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, . . . , or N).

In some embodiments, the numbers expressing quantities of ingredients,properties such as concentration, reaction conditions, and so forth,used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the invention are tobe understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about.”As one non-limiting example, one of ordinary skill in the art wouldgenerally consider a value difference (increase or decrease) no morethan 5% to be in the meaning of the term “about.” Accordingly, in someembodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the writtendescription and attached claims are approximations that can varydepending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by aparticular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parametersshould be construed in light of the number of reported significantdigits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstandingthat the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scopeof some embodiments of the invention are approximations, the numericalvalues set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely aspracticable. The numerical values presented in some embodiments of theinvention may contain certain errors necessarily resulting from thestandard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the inventiondisclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each groupmember can be referred to and claimed individually or in any combinationwith other members of the group or other elements found herein. One ormore members of a group can be included in, or deleted from, a group forreasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion ordeletion occurs, the specification is herein deemed to contain the groupas modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markushgroups used in the appended claims.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, andare not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.

Example 1: An Exemplar Pre-Exercise Product

One non-limiting example of the various compositions described herein isa pre-exercise product. This pre-exercise product is believed to improveintense exercise performance, improve energy and endurance, sharpenfocus and reaction time, increase muscle carnosine concentration,increase muscle power output, delay exercise-induced muscle fatigue, andreduce exercise-induced muscle acid buildup.

This pre-exercise product has a unique combination of importantperformance enhancing (ergogenic) ingredients and ingredient forms.These important ingredients and ingredient forms are contained atspecific levels in the pre-exercise product (Table 1 and Table 2), andpossess synergistic mechanisms of action. While not wishing to be boundby any particular theory, FIG. 1A shows one mechanism of action of theproduct composition.

TABLE 1 Formula of the Exemplar Pre-Exercise Product Item ItemDescription Weight Unit Percentage Granuated Sugar (e.g., glucose,fructose, 2.2755 gram 37.9250%  galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose(for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) Citric Acid Granular 1.0000gram 16.6667%  Beta Alanine 0.8000 gram 13.3333%  Quercetin Anhydrous0.5025 gram 8.3752% Sodium Citrate 0.2826 gram 4.7102% Stevia 0.2300gram 3.8333% Fruit flavor (e.g., lemonade, lemon, 0.2000 gram 3.3333%orange, mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrusand other fruit flavors) Green tea extract 0.2000 gram 3.3333% SodiumChloride 0.1282 gram 2.1368% Magnesium Citrate 0.1250 gram 2.0833%Silicon Dioxide 0.1200 gram 2.0000% Potassium Citrate 0.1124 gram1.8727% Calcium Citrate Tetrahydrate 0.0238 gram 0.3968% TOTAL 6.0000gram 100.0000% 

TABLE 2 Supplement Facts of the Exemplar Pre-Exercise Product SupplementFacts Serving Size: 1 level scoop (6 g) Serving per Container: 40 Amount% Daily per serving Value * Calories 15 Total Carbohydrate 4 g 1% Sugars2 g ** Calcium (as calcium citrate) 5 mg 1% Magnesium (as magnessiumcitrate) 20 mg 5% Sodium (as sodium citrate and sodium 115 mg 5%chloride) Potassium (as potassium citrate) 40 mg 1% PERFORMANCE/ANTI-MUSCLE FATIGUE BLEND Beta-alanine 800 mg ** Quercetin (Uncariaelliptica) anhydrous 500 mg ** Green tea (Carmellia sinensis) extract200 mg ** (provides 100 mg of natural caffeine)  * Percent Daily Valuesare based on a 2,000 calorie diet **% Daily Value (DV) not established.Other Ingredients: Sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose,lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), CitricAcid, Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) leaf extract, Natural fruit flavor(e.g., lemonade, lemon, orange, mandarin orange, pineapple, pearl,apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors) type, Silica.

The pre-exercise product's dose may be customized or recommendedaccording to a user's body weight. Before using the pre-exerciseproduct, the product container is gently shaken to loosen compressedpowder. One or two level scoops of the product powder are mixed withwater until dissolved according to the recommended dosage below (Table3), and the user drinks the beverage within 30 minutes before exercise.The pre-exercise product may be kept in a cool, dry place for storage.

TABLE 3 Recommended Dosages of the Exemplar Pre-Exercise ProductRECOMMENDED DOSAGE Body Weight (lbs) <160 ≥160 Level Scoops 1 2 Water(oz) 8 16

The specific levels of important ingredients and ingredient forms arevalidated by human clinical trials (on an individual basis), and shownto “improve exercise performance”, “improve high-intensity or intenseexercise performance”, “reduce muscle lactic acid”, “reduce musclefatigue”, “increase power output”, “increase focus”, and “increasereaction time”. The combination of these important ingredients is toelicit an acute (single use) effect and a chronic (repeated use) effectto improve exercise performance and recovery. Described below are somenon-limiting examples of various acute and chronic effects from someimportant ingredients and ingredient forms in the pre-exercise product.

β-Alanine

β-alanine at correct levels increases muscle carnosine overtime (>4weeks supplementation) to buffer muscle and blood acid and/or lacticacid accumulation during exercise, reduce muscle fatigue, and increasepower output.

Mechanism of β-Alanine

While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the mechanismfor the ergogenic effects of β-alanine during exercise is believed to berelated to the role of muscle carnosine in pH buffering as well as othermechanisms that explain a performance effect, including improved calciumhandling and antioxidant effects. The effect of muscle carnosine onintracellular buffering has been demonstrated (Sale et al., 2010). Abuffer has the ability to maintain a nearly constant pH in the face ofacid or base challenges. During very intense exercise there are largeincreases in muscle and blood lactate and hydrogen ion (H⁺) production,which can cause significant decreases in muscle pH. During very intenseexercise for short durations, fatigue is caused, in part, by negativeconsequences resulting from the associated muscle acidosis. During theseacidotic challenges there are several physiological mechanisms that cancontribute to muscular and blood buffering capacity in attempts tomaintain intramuscular pH, including a role for muscle carnosine.Carnosine is a potent intra-muscular buffer due to its nitrogencontaining side imidazole ring, which can directly accept and buffer H⁺ions, and therefore slow the decline in pH during intense exercise.

Amount of β-Alanine

It has been shown that prolonged β-alanine supplementation (800 mgdoses, ˜1.6 to 6 g/day over 4 weeks) improves exercise performance(Harris et al., 2006). Since this discovery, every human study so farhas demonstrated significant increases (>40%) in muscle carnosine duringprolonged β-alanine supplementation (800 mg doses, 1.6-6.4 g/day for >4weeks). It has also been shown that the absolute β-alanine/carnosinedose-response is solely dependent upon the total grams of β-alanineconsumed and compounded overtime, and there is no impact on the dailyβ-alanine regime. Initial studies using β-alanine were at high singledoses in excess of 800 mg (>10 mg/kg body mass) where subjectsexperienced symptoms of parathesia, described as a prickly sensation tothe skin. In order to reduce the incidence of parathesia, 800 mg dose ofβ-alanine is recommended per serving (with a maximum 10 mg/kg bodymass). Based on this established science, this is the dose strategyemployed in the pre-exercise product by a dose per serving suggestion(i.e., body mass <160 lbs=1 scoop=800 mg; body mass ≥160 lbs=2scoops=1600 mg). This approach was shown to be most successful inreducing the incidence and severity of any of discomfort in subjects. Assuch, this amount has been employed in numerous important futuresupplementation studies (Kendrick et al., 2008; Stout et al., 2007; vanThienen et al., 2009). The washout of β-alanine is also very slow(Stellingwerf et al., 2011). Therefore, practically speaking, oncemuscle carnosine content is increased, people can expect see potentialperformance benefits up to even 1 month post-supplementation due to thestability of muscle carnosine and slow washout profile.

Quercetin

Quercetin at correct levels improves and sustains exercise performanceovertime (>1 week supplementation), and increases muscle mitochondrialbiogenesis (or related energy production markers) to improve exerciseperformance and reduce exercise-induced muscle inflammation to improveexercise recovery.

Mechanism of Quercetin

Quercetin has been shown to improve exercise performance (Davis et al.,2010; Neiman et al., 2010). Quercetin may possess the ability toincrease mitochondrial biogenesis to enhance energy metabolism andimprove exercise performance, as shown in animal models (Davis et al.,2009) and trends in human clinical trials (Nieman et al., 2010).Quercetin also has relatively powerful anti-inflammatory activity givenits ability to inhibit the proinflammatory pathway via Nf-KB (Harwood etal., 2007) that supports a role for quercetin to reduce muscleinflammation and improve exercise recovery. There are several clinicalinvestigations that have examined the anti-inflammatory effects ofquercetin following exercise. One study reported a reduction of certainblood inflammatory markers in quercetin-treated ultramarathon runners(Nieman et al., 2007). In another study by the same group, the influenceof quercetin in combination with a flavanol from green tea was found toreduce markers of inflammation immediately after cycling (Nieman et al.,2009).

Amount of Quercetin

Studies investigating a role of quercetin in humans have employed adosage protocol of 500 mg servings (500 mg, up to 1 g/day) to elicit anotable exercise performance benefit (Davis et al., 2010; Nieman et al.,2010). Based on established science, the pre-exercise product reflectsthis dose per serving (ie. BM<160 lbs=1 scoop=500 mg; BM≥160 lbs=2scoops=1000 mg).

Green Tea and/or Natural Low-Dose Caffeine

Natural low-dose caffeine from green tea enhances energy, sharpens focusand reaction time, and improves exercise performance (>30 minutessupplementation) without side effects of higher doses such as jitters,nervousness, anxiety, the inability to sleep, or gastrointestinaldistress. The use of low-dose caffeine from green tea is novel toimprove exercise performance (studies have tested low-doses of anhydrouscaffeine).

It is demonstrated that moderate to high caffeine doses (5-13 mg/kg bodymass) consumed around 1 h before exercise, increased exerciseperformance in laboratory and field-simulations of sporting situations(Burke 2008; Conger et al. 2011; Graham et al. 1995; Spriet et al.2000). These effects extend to recreationally trained and well-trainedsubjects, and are independent of gender, habitual caffeine use,withdrawal of caffeine, high carbohydrate diets prior to exercise, andconsumption of carbohydrate during exercise.

Recent work suggests that caffeine is ergogenic in some short-term highintensity exercise and sport situations and also in team sportsimulations. Lower caffeine doses (up to ˜100 to 200 mg or 1.5-3 mg/kgbody mass) taken before exercise also increase athletic performance andrecent evidence also demonstrated a potent ergogenic effect of low dosesof caffeine taken during prolonged exercise (Cox et al., 2002; VanNiewenhoven et al., 2000). Lower caffeine doses do not cause changes inthe peripheral whole body responses to exercise, are associated with fewif any side effects of higher doses, such as jitters, nervousness, theinability to sleep, or gastrointestinal distress (Cox et al., 2002; VanNiewenhoven et al., 2000; Talanian et al., 2008), and have no effect onhydration status and the ability to thermoregulate during exercise innormal conditions (Maughan, 2003).

Mechanism of Low-Dose Caffeine

Given the ergogenic effect of low caffeine doses, while not wishing tobe bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the mechanisms toexplain this effect lie in the central nervous system (Gliotonni et al.,2009; Kalmar et al., 2004). While all human caffeine performance studieshave not separated the central effects of caffeine from the peripheraleffects, there is direct evidence in preclinical studies that caffeinepositively affects the central nervous system via adenosine receptorantagonism and ultimately enhancing brain neurotransmitter function(Kalmar et al., 2004).

Amount of Caffeine

Only low doses of caffeine (up to ˜100 to 200 mg or 1.5-3 mg/kg bodymass) are needed to improve exercise performance in most people.Consuming 100-200 mg caffeine may be the optimal dose for performanceenhancement dependent on body mass. Based on this established science,this is the dose strategy employed in the pre-exercise product by a doseper serving suggestion (i.e., body mass <160 lbs=1 scoop=100 mg; bodymass ≥160 lbs=2 scoops=200 mg).

While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believedthat the pre-exercise product addresses various problems associated withexercise. Non-limiting examples include: (1) muscle acid buildup andensuing muscle fatigue resulting in decline in exercise performance andpower output—addressed by β-alanine; (2) reduced energy production bymitochondria and energy producing pathways (carbohydrate and fatoxidation and regulation)—addressed by quercetin; (3) increased muscleinflammation and damage and reduced adaptation to exercise and/orincrease in muscle recovery time—addressed by quercetin; (4) reducedperception of energy and/or increased perception of fatigue—addressed bygreen tea and/or natural low-dose caffeine; (5) dehydration or reducedhydration status and compromised exercise performance—addressed byosmolality of final solution and the sugar, electrolyte, and watercomposition; and (6) jitters, nervousness, anxiety, the inability tosleep, or gastrointestinal distress from typical pre-exercise/energydrinks and powders—addressed by green tea and/or natural low-dosecaffeine level.

The pre-exercise product improves intense exercise performance, improvesenergy and endurance, sharpens focus and reaction time, increases musclecarnosine concentration, increases muscle power output, delaysexercise-induced muscle fatigue, reduces exercise-induced muscle acidbuildup, reduces exercise-induced muscle inflammation, and improveshydration during exercise.

Example 2: Pre-Exercise Formula

Another non-limiting example of the various compositions describedherein is a pre-exercise formula shown in Table 4. One serving of thispre-exercise formula may be combined with 8 oz. water for drinking. Inaddition to the listed ingredients, this pre-exercise formula mayfurther include an excipient to increase its bulk size to, for example,20 g per serving.

TABLE 4 Pre-Exercise Formula % in gram/ Item Description formula servingdextrose 23.696% 2.2511 citric acid 10.526% 1.0000 potassium citrate10.526% 1.0000 sodium citrate 10.526% 1.0000 fruit flavor (e.g.,lemonade, lemon, orange,  2.105% 0.2000 mandarin orange, pineapple,pearl, apple, grape, cherry, citrus and other fruit flavors) betaalanine (compound solution) 16.842% 1.6000 L-carnitine tartrate 15.711%1.4925 quercetin  5.540% 0.5263 stevia  2.421% 0.2300 green tea extract 2.105% 0.2000 Total   100% 9.5000

Example 3: An Exemplar During-Exercise Product

One non-limiting example of the various compositions described herein isa during-exercise product. This during-exercise product is believed tosupport hydration during exercise, improve intense exercise performance,improve endurance, increase fluid absorption during exercise, replaceelectrolytes lost during exercise, and fuel working muscles.

This during-exercise product has a unique combination of importantperformance enhancing (ergogenic) ingredients and ingredient forms.These important ingredients and ingredient forms are contained atspecific levels in the during-exercise product (Table 5 and Table 6),and possess synergistic mechanisms of action. While not wishing to bebound by any particular theory, FIG. 1B shows one mechanism of action ofthe product composition.

TABLE 5 Formula of the Exemplar During-Exercise Product Item ItemDescription Weight Unit Percentage Granulated Sugar (e.g., glucose,5.9664 gram 51.8817%  fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose(for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) Dextrose 3.0000 gram 26.0870% Sodium citrate 1.0000 gram 8.6957% Citric Acid Granular 0.5000 gram4.3478% Quercetin Anhydrous 0.2513 gram 2.1849% Magnesium Citrate 0.2500gram 2.1739% Silicon Dioxide 0.2300 gram 2.0000% Potassium Citrate0.2247 gram 1.9541% Calcium Citrate Tetrahydrate 0.0476 gram 0.4141%Natural Mandarin Orange Flavor 0.0200 gram 0.1739% Stevia 0.0100 gram0.0870% TOTAL 11.5000 100.0000% 

TABLE 6 Supplement Facts of the Exemplar During-Exercise ProductSupplement Facts Serving Size: 1 level scoop (11.5 g) Serving perContainer: 40 Amount % Daily per serving Value * Calories 40 TotalCarbohydrate 10 g  3% Sugars 9 g ** HYDRATION BLEND Calcium (as calciumcitrate) 10 mg  1% Magnesium (as magnesium citrate) 40 mg 10% Sodium (assodium citrate) 230 mg 10% Potassium (as potassium citrate) 80 mg  2%Quercetin (Uncaria elliptica) anhydrous 250 mg **  * Percent DailyValues are based on a 2,000 calorie diet **% Daily Value (DV) notestablished. Other Ingredients: Sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose,galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar andbeet sugar)), Dextrose, Citric Acid, Silica, Natural mandarin orangeflavor (with other natural flavors), Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) leafextract.

The during-exercise product's dose may be customized or recommendedaccording to duration of exercise. Before using the during-exerciseproduct, the product container is gently shaken to loosen compressedpowder. One, two, three or more level scoops of the product powder aremixed with water until dissolved according to the recommended dosagebelow (Table 7), and the user drinks the beverage during exercise. Theduring-exercise product may be kept in a cool, dry place for storage.

TABLE 7 Recommended Dosages of the Exemplar During-Exercise ProductRECOMMENDED DOSAGE Time (min) 30 60 90 Level Scoops 1 2 3 Water (oz) 816 24

Described below are some non-limiting examples of various effects fromsome important ingredients and ingredient forms in the during-exerciseproduct.

Hydration

The during-exercise product is prepared as a drink composition ofspecific solution osmolality to ensure rapid fluid absorption to thebody and optimal fluid balance while replacing key electrolytes duringexercise, which is matched to the average sweat loss rates in humans.

A water deficit is poorly tolerated; a deficit as little as 1% of bodymass can impair exercise performance and tolerance; and bothhigh-intensity and endurance exercises and sports are adversely affected(Cheuvront et al., 2003). Replacement of losses is, therefore, vital,but the relative insensitivity of the thirst mechanism can make thisdifficult to achieve in practice. Control of fluid balance in the bodyis intimately linked to electrolyte balance, and maintenance ofhydration when sweat rates are high requires the replacement ofelectrolyte and fluid volume losses.

Effective Fluid Replacement

The major issues in fluid replacement for active individuals areoptimizing hydration status before, during and/or after exercise,provision of fluid and fuel and possibly other nutrients duringexercise, and rehydration and recovery after exercise. A diluted lowsugar-electrolyte solution is the most effective way of replacing waterloss when rapid rehydration is desired (Maughan, 1997). The rate ofgastric emptying of solutions is slowed in proportion to the amount ofcarbohydrate content, and concentrated solutions will be unable todeliver water at high rates. Fluid absorption is driven by osmoticgradients and solvent drag resulting from active absorption of solute,especially glucose and sodium, which are transported by an ATP-dependentmechanism. Hypotonic (200-250 mosmol/kg) solutions containing glucoseand sodium will maximize the rate of water absorption, but hypertonicsolutions will cause a temporary secretion of water to the intestinallumen, which can worsen any existing dehydration (Scedl et al., 1994).This during-exercise product contains a specific carbohydrate blend andelectrolyte composition to ensure osmolality within the “hypotonicrange” (e.g. 200-250 mosmol/kg). The ingestion of fluid during exercisecan help reduce the fall in blood plasma volume that normally occurs;this in turn helps maintain cardiac output and increases skin bloodblow, which helps promote heat loss and limits the rise in coretemperature (Montain et al., 1995).

Drink Composition

Water alone during exercise does not effectively hydrate (Maughan etal., 1997; Maughan and Shirreffs, 1997). Through sweating, blood volumeand electrolyte levels are reduced. To effectively hydrate duringexercise, a solution with a specific composition of carbohydrate,electrolytes, and water is required to help maintain the body's waterbalance and replace important functional electrolytes (e.g., sodium)that are lost in sweat (Rowlands et al., 2011). Typical sports drinkscan provide electrolytes but they can also be high in sugar (e.g.hypertonic>280 mosmol/kg) and artificial flavors and colors, which cancause gastrointestinal distress. This during-exercise product isdifferent, because its specific composition of carbohydrates andelectrolytes with a specific volume of water creates an optimal“hypotonic range” osmolality to maximize fluid absorption duringexercise.

Here, the osmolality of a drink prepared from this during-exerciseproduct is the ratio of the amount of solute (e.g. carbohydrates,electrolytes) dissolved in a given amount of water and should be ideallyslightly lower than the osmolality of blood (slightly “hypotonic”) inorder allow rapid fluid absorption with minimal gastrointestinaldiscomfort. In one non-limiting example, the osmolality may be 213mmoles/kg measured by vapor pressure osmometer (Model 5600) according tothe vapor operating manual. This is the most important feature to allowfor rapid and effective hydration and uniquely differentiates thisduring-exercise product from other sports drinks.

Quercetin

Quercetin at customizable levels, dependent on duration of exercise,improves exercise performance overtime (>1 week supplementation) andincreases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis (or related energy productionmarkers) to improve exercise performance and reduce exercise-inducedmuscle inflammation to improve exercise recovery

Mechanism of Quercetin

Quercetin has been shown to improve exercise performance (Davis et al.,2010; Neiman et al., 2010). Quercetin may possess the ability toincrease mitochondrial biogenesis to enhance energy metabolism andimprove exercise performance, as shown in animal models (Davis et al.,2009) and trends in human clinical trials (Nieman et al., 2010).Quercetin also has relatively powerful anti-inflammatory activity givenits ability to inhibit the proinflammatory pathway via Nf-KB (Harwood etal., 2007) that supports a role for quercetin to reduce muscleinflammation and improve performance recovery. There are severalclinical investigations that have examined the anti-inflammatory effectsof quercetin following exercise. One study reported a reduction ofcertain blood inflammatory markers in quercetin-treated ultramarathonrunners (Nieman et al., 2007). In another study by the same group, theinfluence of quercetin in combination with a flavanol from green tea wasfound to reduce markers of inflammation immediately after cycling(Nieman et al., 2009).

Amount of Quercetin

Studies investigating a role of quercetin in humans have employed adosage protocol of 500 mg servings (500 mg, up to 1 g/day) to elicit anotable exercise performance benefit (Davis et al., 2010; Nieman et al.,2010). Based on established science, this during-exercise productreflects a 250 mg dose per serving which can be effective dependent onduration of exercise (e.g., 30 min exercise=1 scoop=250 mg; 1 hexercise=2 scoop=500 mg; and 1 h 30 min exercise=3 scoop=750 mg etc.).

While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believedthat the during-exercise product addresses various problems associatedwith exercise. Non-limiting examples include: (1) drop in bloodvolume—addressed by fluid composition/osmolality, hypotonic solution;(2) changes in fluid balance—addressed by fluid composition/osmolality,hypotonic solution; (3) loss of electrolytes through sweat—addressed byelectrolyte, sodium potassium, magnesium, calcium provision, which arematched to the average sweat loss rates; (4) reduced endurance andperformance—addressed by effective hydration (i.e., fluidcomposition/osmolality, hypotonic solution); (5) reduced poweroutput—addressed by effective hydration (i.e., fluidcomposition/osmolality, hypotonic solution); (6) dehydration and reducedhydration status through exercise and/or high ambient temperaturesresulting in compromised exercise performance—addressed by fluidcomposition/osmolality, hypotonic solution; (7) gastrointestinaldiscomfort often associated with sports drinks—addressed by fluidcomposition/osmolality, hypotonic solution; and (8) glycogen depletionand impaired performance during and/or after exercise—addressed bycarbohydrate provision.

The during-exercise product supports hydration during exercise, improvesintense exercise performance, improves endurance, increases fluidabsorption during exercise, replaces electrolytes lost during exercise,and fuel working muscles.

Example 4: During-Exercise Formula

Another non-limiting example of the various compositions describedherein is a during-exercise formula shown in Table 8. One serving ofthis during-exercise formula may be combined with 8 oz. water fordrinking. In addition to the listed ingredients, this during-exerciseformula may further include an excipient to increase its bulk size to,for example, 20 g per serving.

TABLE 8 During-Exercise Formula % in gram/ Item Description formulaserving sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, 39.208% 4.500 galactose,maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar))dextrose 41.822% 4.800 quercetin  2.178% 0.250 sodium citrate  8.713%1.000 potassium citrate  1.958% 0.225 magnesium citrate  1.089% 0.125calcium citrate  0.415% 0.048 citric acid  4.356% 0.500 stevia  0.087%0.010 mandarin orange  0.174% 0.020 Total 100.00% 11.477

Example 5: An Exemplar Post-Exercise Product

One non-limiting example of the various compositions described herein isa post-exercise product. This post-exercise product is believed to speedmuscle recovery, improve adaptation to exercise, promote lean musclesynthesis, reduce muscle breakdown, combat exercise-induced musclesoreness, support muscle glycogen recovery, and improve muscle strengthrecovery.

This post-exercise product has a unique combination of importantrecovery ingredients and ingredient forms. These important ingredientsand ingredient forms are contained at specific levels in thepost-exercise product (Table 9 and Table 10), possess synergisticmechanisms of action, and have important physiological and functionaleffects.

These important ingredients are scientifically shown to assist withmuscle recovery and soreness from intense exercise sessions. Fast-,intermediate-, and slow-release proteins support muscle recovery andoptimize training adaptations; an optimal ratio of branched-chain aminoacids (BCAAs) helps stimulate muscle protein synthesis; a small amountcarbohydrate supports muscle glycogen recovery; and a powerfulellagitannin-rich pomegranate extract helps promote speedy musclestrength recovery while reducing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)from intense workouts. While not wishing to be bound by any particulartheory, FIG. 1C shows one mechanism of action of the productcomposition.

TABLE 9 Formula of the Exemplar Post-Exercise Product Item ItemDescription Weight Unit Percentage Whey Protein Isolate 13.0952 gram36.8880%  Pea Protein 7.5000 gram 21.1268%  Granulated Sugar (e.g.,glucose, 6.1722 gram 17.3865%  fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose,and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) Micellar Casein3.4884 gram 9.8264% Cocoa Powder, Alkalized 2.5000 gram 7.0423%Potassium Citrate 0.6742 gram 1.8990% POMx Pomegranate Ext. 0.6500 gram1.8310% Sodium Chloride 0.5000 gram 1.4085% Natural Chocolate Flavor0.4000 gram 1.1268% Xanthan Gum 0.2000 gram 0.5634% Stevia 0.1200 gram0.3380% L-glutamine 0.1000 gram 0.2817% BCAA 2:1:1 0.1000 gram 0.2817%TOTAL 35.5000 100.0000% 

TABLE 10 Supplement Facts of the Exemplar Post-Exercise ProductSupplement Facts Serving Size: 1 level scoop (35.5 g) Serving perContainer: 20 Amount per % Daily serving Value * Calories 130 Caloriesfrom Fat 10 Total Fat 1 g  2% Cholesterol 5 mg  2% Total Carbohydrate 10g  3% Sugars 6 g ** Protein 20 g 40% Calcium 140 mg 14% Magnesium 40 mg10% Sodium (as Sodium chloride) 300 mg 13% Potassium (as Potassiumcitrate) 420 mg 12% MUSCLE RECOVERY/ANTI- MUSCLE SORENESS BLEND [Wheyprotein isolate, Pea protein isolate, Micellar 23 g ** casein,Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs); L-leucine, Valine, Isoleucine(2:1:1), L-glutamine] Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extract (POMx)650 mg **  * Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet **%Daily Value (DV) not established. Other Ingredients: Sugar (e.g.,glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose (forexample, cane sugar and beet sugar)), Cocoa Powder, Natural chocolateflavor (with other natural flavors), Xanthan gum, Stevia (Steviarebaudiana) leaf extract.

Before using the post-exercise product, the product container is gentlyshaken to loosen compressed powder. One level scoop of the productpowder is mixed with 8 oz. water until dissolved, and the user drinksthe beverage within 30 minutes after exercise. The post-exercise productmay be kept in a cool, dry place for storage.

The specific levels of important ingredients and ingredient forms arevalidated by human clinical trials (on an individual basis) shown to“improve recovery”, “improve muscle recovery”, “increase muscle growth”,“reduce muscle breakdown”, “reduce exercise-induced inflammation”,“reduce muscle soreness”, “increase strength recovery”, and “improveadaptation to exercise”. The combination of these important ingredientsis to elicit an acute (single use) effect and a chronic (repeated use)effect to improve recovery. Described below are some non-limitingexamples of various acute and chronic effects from some importantingredients and ingredient forms in the post-exercise product.

Protein Blend

Protein blend and leucine content at correct level increase muscleprotein synthesis (MPS) and decrease muscle protein breakdown (MPB) viaan amino acid-, insulin-dependent mechanism to improve muscle recovery,improve adaptation to exercise/training effects, increase musclesynthesis/mass, and reduce muscle breakdown.

Mechanism of Protein Blend

Dietary protein intake immediately after the cessation of resistance- orendurance-type exercise stimulates post-exercise muscle proteinsynthesis, inhibits protein breakdown and, as such allows net muscleaccretion. Such dietary practice will allow a more adaptive response toeach successive exercise bout, resulting in improved musclereconditioning. It is clear that targeted timing for the ingestion ofprotein is very important. Protein should be consumed early during thepost-exercise recovery phase (i.e., immediately to 2 hours postexercise). And, protein quality/amino acid profile is also veryimportant in maximizing the accretion of muscle proteins. This is whereportable protein sources, in the form of protein supplements, offer apractical alternative. Whey protein seems to be the most effective toincrease muscle protein synthesis rates during acute post-exerciserecovery, while other protein forms such as pea protein, and micellarcasein provide slower rates of digestion and absorption to supportsustained post-exercise recovery.

Amount of Protein and Leucine

20 g of high quality dietary protein should be provided immediatelyafter cessation of exercise to allow post-exercise muscle proteinsynthesis rates to reach maximal levels above which protein synthesis isnot further stimulated. Excess to this may result in increases in aminoacid oxidation and urea synthesis may result as a consequence.Co-ingestion of (large) amounts of carbohydrate or additional leucinedoes not further increase muscle protein synthesis rate when ampleprotein is ingested. A healthy diet with smart timing of the ingestionof dietary protein after exercise will further improve the skeletalmuscle adaptive response to continuous training. Based on establishedscience, this post-exercise product reflects this dose per servingsuggestion (i.e., 1 scoop=20 g of protein as fast (whey proteinisolate), intermediate (pea protein isolate) and slow (micellar casein)protein).

The novel protein blend of fast—(whey protein isolate),intermediate—(pea protein), and slow-release (casein) proteinsprovides >1.8 g of leucine to maximally stimulate muscle proteinsynthesis (Glynn et al., 2010).

Pomegranate and Ellagitannins

Pomegranate at correct level reduces exercise-induced muscleinflammation, reduces muscle soreness, and improves strength recovery.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) like ibuprofen arecommonly used by athletes of all levels in an effort to alleviate pain,muscle soreness, stiffness, and overall inflammation that occurs as aresult of intense exercise or competition (Ciocca, 2005). NSAIDS canhave serious side effects including cardiovascular complications andgastrointestinal distress. Phytonutrients with distinct recovery can bepotent recovery aids following physical performance without documentedside effects of NSAIDs.

Recent investigations involving the ellagitannins (a large phytonutrientfound primarily in pomegranates) and physical performance recovery afterstressful exercise have begun to emerge. Ellagitannin research hasprimarily focused on reducing inflammation (Gonzalez-Gallego et al.,2010). Trombold et al. (2010) examined the effects of 9 days of 650 mgdoses of pomegranate extract (POMx) treatment in muscle damage andstrength recovery following intense resistance training. The resultsindicated that the pomegranate extract treatment group produced moreforce in the exercised muscle at 48-72 hours after training. A follow upstudy confirmed that pomegranate supplementation reduced muscle weaknessand soreness and implicated an ergogenic effect of pomegranate inresistance trained individuals after eccentric exercise (Trombold etal., 2011). Based on this established science, this post-exerciseproduct provides this dose per serving suggestion (i.e., 1 scoop=650 mgof ellagitannin-rich pomegranate extract, POMx).

While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believedthat the post-exercise product addresses various problems associatedwith exercise. Non-limiting examples include: (1) access and portabilityto effective level and form of protein to improve rapid and sustainedrecovery during post-exercise window—addressed by protein blend, >1.8 gleucine; (2) balance of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscleprotein breakdown (MPB) directed towards net MPS enabling musclerecovery/synthesis vs. net MPB resulting in limited adaptations toexercise/or promoting muscle breakdown—addressed by protein blend, >1.8g leucine; (3) muscle inflammation from exercise and ensuing musclesoreness/delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) resulting in decline inexercise performance, strength recovery, and overall muscle recovery,and related psychological discomfort—addressed by pomegranate,ellagitannins; and (4) alternative measure to reduce muscle sorenesswithout the side effects of NSAIDS provided—addressed by pomegranate,ellagitannins.

The post-exercise product speeds muscle recovery, improves adaptation toexercise, promotes lean muscle synthesis, reduces muscle breakdown,combats exercise-induced muscle soreness, supports muscle glycogenrecovery, and improves muscle strength recovery. Also, the post-exerciseproduct contains fast, intermediate, and slow release proteins.

Example 6: Post-Exercise Formula

Another non-limiting example of the various compositions describedherein is a post-exercise formula shown in Table 11. One serving of thispost-exercise formula may be combined with 8 oz. water for drinking. Inaddition to the listed ingredients, this post-exercise formula mayfurther include an excipient to increase its bulk size.

TABLE 11 Post-Exercise Formula % in gram/ Item Description formulaserving Pea Protein 18.293%  7.500 Whey Protein Isolate 40.651%  16.667Casein 8.315% 3.409 Sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, 14.595% 5.984 maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beetsugar)) Cocoa powder 10.976%  4.500 L-glutamine FCC 0.244% 0.100 BCAA2:1:1 0.244% 0.100 Xanthan gum 0.244% 0.100 Potassium Citrate 2.439%1.000 Sodium Chloride 1.220% 0.500 Natural Chocolate Flavor 0.976% 0.400Stevia 0.220% 0.090 PomX Pomegranate (75% polyphenols) 1.585% 0.650Total   100% 41.000

Example 7: An Exemplar Nighttime Product

One non-limiting example of the various compositions described herein isa nighttime product for improving post-exercise overnight recovery. Thisnighttime product is believed to support overnight muscle recovery orimprove overnight adaptation to exercise, improve overnight adaptationto exercise, promote lean muscle synthesis, reduce muscle breakdown,combat exercise-induced muscle soreness, and reduce exercise-inducedoxidative stress.

This nighttime product has a unique combination of important recoveryingredients and ingredient forms. These important ingredients andingredient forms are contained at specific levels in the nighttimeproduct (Table 12 and Table 13), possess synergistic mechanisms ofaction, and have important physiological and functional effects.

Sleep is crucial to recovery. This nighttime product is formulated withimportant ingredients scientifically shown to assist with overnightmuscle recovery and soreness from intense workout days. Slow-releasemicellar casein protein supports overnight muscle recovery and repairwhile combating breakdown; an optimal ratio of branched-chain aminoacids (BCAAs) helps stimulate muscle protein synthesis overnight; and apowerful anthocyanin-rich tart cherry powder helps reduceexercise-induced oxidative stress and delayed onset muscle soreness(DOMS) from intense workout days. While not wishing to be bound by anyparticular theory, FIG. 1D shows one mechanism of action of the productcomposition.

TABLE 12 Formula of the Exemplar Nighttime Product Item Item DescriptionWeight Unit Percentage Micellar Casein 23.2560 gram 81.6000%  GranulatedSugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, 3.7040 gram12.9965%  and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)) NaturalVanilla Flavor 0.5000 gram 1.7544% Tart Cherry Extract 0.4800 gram1.6842% Sodium Chloride 0.2000 gram 0.7018% BCAA 2:1:1 0.1000 gram0.3509% L-glutamine 0.1000 gram 0.3509% Stevia 0.0900 gram 0.3158%Xanthan Gum 0.0700 gram 0.2456% TOTAL 28.5000 100.0000% 

TABLE 13 Supplement Facts of the Exemplar Nighttime Product SupplementFacts Serving Size: 1 level scoop (28.5 g) Serving per Container : 20Amount per % Daily serving Value * Calories 100 Cholesterol 10 mg 3%Total Carbohydrate 6 g 2% Sugars 5 g ** Protein 20 g 40%  Calcium 420 mg42%  Magnesium 15 mg 4% Sodium (as sodium chloride) 80 mg 3% Potassium50 mg 1% OVERNIGHT MUSCLE RECOVERY/ ANTI-MUSCLE SORENESS BLEND[(Micellar casein, Branched chain 23 g ** amino acids (BCAAs);L-leucine, Valine, Isoleucine (2:1:1), L-glutamine)] Tart cherry (Prunuscerasus) powder 480 mg **  * Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000calorie diet **% Daily Value (DV) not established Other Ingredients:Sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose(for example, cane sugar and beet sugar)), Natural vanilla flavor (withother natural flavors), Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) leaf extract, Xanthangum.

Before using the nighttime product, the product container is gentlyshaken to loosen compressed powder. One level scoop of the productpowder is mixed with 8 oz. water until dissolved, and the user drinksthe beverage within 1 hour of going to sleep. The nighttime product maybe kept in a cool, dry place for storage.

The specific levels of important ingredients and ingredient forms arevalidated by human clinical trials (on an individual basis) shown to“improve overnight recovery”, “improve overnight muscle recovery”,“increase muscle growth”, “reduce muscle breakdown”, “reduceexercise-induced inflammation”, “reduce muscle soreness”, “increasestrength recovery”, and “improve overnight adaptation to exercise”. Thecombination of these important ingredients is to elicit an acute (singleuse) effect and a chronic (repeated use) effect to improve overnightrecovery. Described below are some non-limiting examples of variousacute and chronic effects from some important ingredients and ingredientforms in the nighttime product.

Protein Blend

Slow-release casein at correct level increases sustained muscle proteinsynthesis (MPS) and decrease muscle protein breakdown (MPB) via an aminoacid-, insulin-dependent mechanism to improve overnight muscle recovery,improve overnight adaptation to exercise/training effects, increasemuscle synthesis/mass, and reduce muscle breakdown.

Mechanism of Slow-Release Protein

One novel area of research involves whether protein administrationfollowing exercise performed in the evening has an impact on subsequentovernight recovery. Post-exercise muscle reconditioning during overnightsleep is a novel field of research. There is emerging evidence on theimpact of exercise on muscle protein synthesis during subsequentovernight recovery (Beelen et al., 2008). It was shown that muscleprotein synthesis was increased during the first few hours ofpost-exercise recovery when protein was ingested. However, muscleprotein synthesis during subsequent sleep was unexpectedly low, withvalues being close to basal. Since this finding, the impact of proteiningestion immediately before sleep on digestion and absorption kineticsand protein metabolism during overnight recovery after exercise wasinvestigated (Res et al., 2012). This recent research was the first toshow that 20 g protein ingested in the form of casein immediately beforesleep was effectively digested and absorbed, thereby stimulating muscleprotein synthesis and improving whole-body protein balance duringpost-exercise overnight recovery. Furthermore, the same group recentlypresented at the European College of Sport Science Congress that protein(in the form of casein) ingestion prior to sleep represents an effectivedietary strategy to augment muscle mass gain during prolonged resistancetype exercise training in healthy people (Snijders et al., 2014).

Amount of Protein (Casein)

The appropriate provision of 20 g of high quality (casein) protein wasan effective contributor to improved overnight muscle recovery (Res etal., 2012) highlighting the potential advantage to selection of specificprotein characteristics (i.e., slow-release casein protein) and targetedtiming of ingestion (i.e., before sleep). Based on this research, thisnighttime product reflects a similar dose per serving suggestion (i.e.,1 scoop=20 g of protein as slow (micellar casein) protein).

Tart Cherry and Anthocyanins

Tart cherry at correct level reduces exercise-induced inflammation andreduces muscle soreness.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) like ibuprofen arecommonly used by athletes of all levels in an effort to alleviate pain,muscle soreness, stiffness, and overall inflammation that occurs as aresult of intense exercise or competition (Ciocca, 2005). NSAIDS canhave serious side effects including cardiovascular complications andgastrointestinal distress. Phytonutrients with distinct recovery can bepotent recovery aids following physical performance without documentedside effects of NSAIDs.

Like pomegranate ellagitannins, tart cherry anthocyanin research hasfocused on reducing inflammation. Similar results of improvement ofrecovery have been seen with anthocyanin-rich cherry juice (Connolly etal., 2006; Howatson et al., 2010). Connolly et al. (2006) reported thatsubjects who supplemented with cherry juice for 8-days prior to amuscle-damaging exercise regimen had significantly less strength lossthan the placebo up to 96 hours after exercise. Similarly, Howatson etal. (2010) found benefits to tart cherry juice in marathon runners.Since these studies, a novel anthocyanin-rich tart cherry powder hasbeen investigated for recovery properties in both resistance andendurance based exercise. Levers et al. (2014) and Galvan et al. (2014)presented at the International Society of Sports Nutrition that a 480 mgdose of the tart cherry powder resulted in exercise recovery benefitsand reduction of muscle soreness after intense modes of exercise. Basedon this research, this nighttime product reflects a similar dose perserving suggestion (i.e., 1 scoop=480 mg of anthocyanin-rich tart cherrypowder).

While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believedthat the nighttime product addresses various problems associated withexercise. Non-limiting examples include: (1) access and portability toeffective level and form of protein to improve post-exercise overnightrecovery—addressed by slow-release casein protein, >1.8 g leucine; (2)balance of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown(MPB) directed towards net MPS enabling muscle recovery/synthesis vs.net MPB resulting in limited adaptations to exercise/or promoting musclebreakdown—addressed by slow-release casein protein, >1.8 g leucine; (3)muscle inflammation from exercise and ensuing muscle soreness/delayedonset muscle soreness (DOMS) resulting in decline in exerciseperformance, strength recovery, and overall muscle recovery, and relatedpsychological discomfort—addressed by tart cherry, anthocyanins; and (4)alternative measure to reduce muscle soreness without the side effectsof NSAIDS provided—addressed by tart cherry, anthocyanins.

The nighttime product supports overnight muscle recovery, improvesovernight adaptation to exercise, promotes lean muscle synthesis,reduces muscle breakdown, reduces exercise-induced inflammation, combatsexercise-induced muscle soreness, and reduces exercise-induced oxidativestress. Also, the nighttime product contains slow release micellarcasein protein.

Example 8: Nighttime Formula

Another non-limiting example of the various compositions describedherein is a post-exercise formula shown in Table 14. One serving of thispost-exercise formula may be combined with 8 oz. water for drinking. Inaddition to the listed ingredients, this post-exercise formula mayfurther include an excipient to increase its bulk size.

TABLE 14 Nighttime Formula % in gram/ Item Description formula servingCasein 81.168% 22.727 Sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, 13.868%3.883 maltose, lactose, and sucrose (for example, cane sugar and beetsugar)) Natural Vanilla Flavor  1.786% 0.500 Xanthan gum  0.250% 0.070Sodium Chloride  0.714% 0.200 Stevia  0.321% 0.090 Tart Cherry  1.714%0.480 curcumin C3 complex  0.179% 0.050 TOTAL 100.00% 28.000

Example 9: Test Group Survey Data and Analysis

Survey feedback and/or changes in weight loss and/or body composition(e.g., body fat) are included in a test group survey data and analysis(FIGS. 2-33).

Background and Objectives

Preliminary results through a family and friends test group areobtained, where participants would follow one of three Beachbody fitnessprograms (Body Beast, 21 Day Fix Extreme, or INSANITY) for a month,while taking the products described herein. A total of 30 test groupparticipants were recruited and required to complete a baseline survey,which captured their initial perceptions before they started the testgroup, a recurring survey twice per week to record their perceptionsthroughout the test group, and a claims survey to help develop claimsfor the products described herein. This survey analysis trends theaggregate of all survey responses from the baseline survey, ifapplicable, the recurring surveys, and the claims test survey. In theseresults, all trends are directional by nature.

Key Summary of Findings

Overall, test group participants felt an improvement on all keyattributes as the test group progressed. Strong and gradual increasesare noted in Table 15 below.

TABLE 15 Key Summary of Findings Pre-Exercise Results Strong increasesEnergy Level Hydrating Strength Gradual increases MotivationDuring-Exercise Results Strong increases Workout Performance EnergyLevel Gradual increases Pushing self Hydration Focus Cramping ReductionPost-Exercise Results Strong increases Replenishment Energy LevelRecovery Muscle Definition Gradual increases Feeling Nighttime ResultsStrong increases Replenishment Muscle Soreness Reduction MuscleStiffness Reduction Gradual increases Decreased Hunger Day After ResultsStrong increases Feeling Replenishment Energy Level Refreshed MuscleSoreness Reduction Muscle Stiffness Reduction Gradual increases SleepQuality Decreased Hunger Muscle DefinitionClaim Survey Among the Respondents (n=27)

100% users agree that the products helped them perform better duringintense exercise/workouts;

100% users agree that the products helped them last longer duringintense exercise/workouts;

100% users agree that the pre-workout products helped them increasetheir energy level for intense exercise/workouts;

100% users agree that the products helped them delay muscle fatigueduring intense exercise/workouts;

100% users agree that the products helped improve their stamina duringintense exercise/workouts;

100% users agree that the products helped them recover faster fromintense exercise/workouts;

100% users agree that the products helped them recover their strengthfaster after their intense exercise/workouts;

100% users agree that the products helped them get leaner faster;

100% users agree that the products helped their body adapt to intenseexercise/workouts;

100% users agree that the nighttime products helped with overnightmuscle recovery after intense exercise/workout days;

100% users agree that the products helped them achieve their fitnessgoals faster and easier;

100% users agree that the products were easy to use;

96% users agree that the products helped them increase strength to powerthrough their intense exercise/workouts;

96% users agree that the products helped improve their muscle recoveryfrom intense exercise so they could hit their next workouts harder thenext day;

96% users agree that after intense exercise/workouts, the nighttimeproducts helped them wake up feeling refreshed and ready to take ontheir next workout;

96% users agree that the during-exercise products taste great;

96% users agree that the post-exercise products taste great;

93% users agree that the during-exercise products helped them keephydrated during intense exercise/workouts;

93% users agree that the products helped reduce muscle soreness afterintense exercise/workouts;

93% users agree that the products helped reduce the onset of musclesoreness (DOMS) during intense exercise/workouts;

93% users agree that the nighttime products helped them feel less hungrybefore going to bed;

93% users agree that the products taste great;

93% users agree that the products are better than othersports/performance nutrition products on the market;

89% users agree that the products helped them improve focus duringintense exercise/workouts;

89% users agree that the products helped them achieve their weight lossgoals faster;

85% users agree that the products helped them improve reaction timeduring intense exercise/workouts;

85% users agree that the nighttime products helped them sleep betterafter intense exercise/workout days;

85% users agree that the pre-exercise products taste great;

81% users agree that the products helped reduce muscle burn duringintense exercise/workouts;

81% users agree that the products helped reduce muscle cramps duringintense exercise/workouts;

74% users agree that the nighttime products helped them feel less hungryupon waking up in the morning; and

67% users agree that the nighttime products taste great.

Survey Questions and Answers

(1) Pre-Exercise

Q1. What time of day did you work out yesterday? Most of the test groupparticipants work out in the morning (FIG. 2).

Q2a. Before your workout, how energized (or tired) did you feel? Testgroup participants felt more energized before they started working outas the test group progressed (FIG. 3).

Q2b. Before your workout, how hydrated (or thirsty) did you feel? Testgroup participants felt more hydrated before they started working out asthe test group progressed (FIG. 4).

Q3. Before your workout, how strong (or weak) did you feel? Test groupparticipants felt stronger before they started working out as the testgroup progressed (FIG. 5).

Q4. Before your workout, how ready and motivated did you feel? Testgroup participants felt more motivated before they started working outas the test group progressed (FIG. 6).

(2) During-Exercise

Q5. During your workout, how would you rate your workout performance?Test group participants rated their performance more positively duringtheir workouts as the test group progressed (FIG. 7).

Q6. During your workout, how hard did you push yourself? Test groupparticipants consistently pushed hard on themselves during theirworkouts (FIG. 8).

Q7. During your workout, how energized (or tired) did you feel? Testgroup participants felt more energized during their workouts as the testgroup progressed (FIG. 9).

Q8. During your workout, how hydrated (or thirsty) did you feel? Testgroup participants consistently felt hydrated during their workouts(FIG. 10).

Q9. During your workout, how focused and concentrated did you feel? Testgroup participants consistently felt more focused during their workoutsas the test group progressed (FIG. 11).

Q10. During your workout, how much did you cramp? Test groupparticipants consistently felt less cramping during their workouts asthe test group progressed (FIG. 12).

(3) Post-Exercise

Q11. After your workout, how did you feel? Test group participants feltbetter overall after their workouts as the test group progressed (FIG.13).

Q12. After your workout, how replenished (or depleted) did you feel?Test group participants felt more replenished after their workouts asthe test group progressed (FIG. 14).

Q13. After your workout, how energized (or tired) did you feel? Testgroup participants felt more energized after their workouts as the testgroup progressed (FIG. 15).

Q14. How quickly did you recover from your workout? Test groupparticipants recovered quicker after their workouts as the test groupprogressed (FIG. 16).

Q15. After your workout, did you see or feel a difference in your muscledefinition? Test group participants felt an increased difference intheir muscle definition after their workouts as the test groupprogressed (FIG. 17).

(4) Nighttime

Q16. Last night, how hungry were you before you slept? Test groupparticipants felt less hungry on nights after their workouts, butstarted feeling a bit hungry towards the end of the test group (FIG.18).

Q17. Last night, how replenished (or depleted) did you feel? Test groupparticipants felt more replenished on nights after their workouts (FIG.19).

Q18. Last night, how sore did your muscles feel? Test group participantsfelt that their muscles were less sore during the nights after theirworkouts as the test group progressed (FIG. 20).

Q19. Last night, how stiff did your muscles feel? Test groupparticipants felt that their muscles were less stiff during the nightsafter their workouts as the test group progressed (FIG. 21).

(5) Day after Working Out

Q20. How well (or poorly) did you sleep? Test group participants feltthat they consistently slept better in the morning after their workoutsas the test group progressed (FIG. 22).

Q21. How do you feel physically? Test group participants felt physicallybetter in the morning after their workouts as the test group progressed(FIG. 23).

Q22. How hungry do you feel? Test group participants felt less hungryoverall in the morning after their workouts as the test group progressed(FIG. 24).

Q23. How replenished (or depleted) do you feel? Test group participantsfelt more replenished in the morning after their workouts as the testgroup progressed (FIG. 25).

Q24. How energized (or tired) do you feel? Test group participants feltmore energized in the morning after their workouts as the test groupprogressed (FIG. 26).

Q25. How refreshed do you feel? Test group participants felt morerefreshed in the morning after their workouts as the test groupprogressed (FIG. 27).

Q26. How sore are your muscles compared to 1-2 days ago? Test groupparticipants felt the muscles were less sore compared to 1-2 days ago onthe mornings after their workouts as the test group progressed (FIG.28).

Q27. How stiff do your muscles feel? Test group participants felt themuscles were less stiff on the mornings after their workouts as the testgroup progressed (FIG. 29).

Q28. How stiff are your muscles compared to 1-2 days ago? Test groupparticipants felt that their muscles were less stiff compared to 1-2days ago in the morning after their workouts as the test groupprogressed (FIG. 30).

Q29. Do you see or feel a difference in your muscle definition? Testgroup participants felt an increased difference in their muscledefinition in the morning after their workouts as the test groupprogressed (FIG. 31).

Q30. Did you consume any caffeinated drinks (e.g. tea, coffee, energydrinks, etc.) or energy chews yesterday? Less than half of test groupconsumed caffeine throughout the test group (FIG. 32).

Q31. When did you consume caffeinated drinks (e.g. tea, coffee, energydrinks, etc.) or energy chews yesterday? Among those who consumedcaffeine, did so mostly in the morning or afternoon (FIG. 33).

The various methods and techniques described above provide a number ofways to carry out the application. Of course, it is to be understoodthat not necessarily all objectives or advantages described can beachieved in accordance with any particular embodiment described herein.Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that themethods can be performed in a manner that achieves or optimizes oneadvantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarilyachieving other objectives or advantages as taught or suggested herein.A variety of alternatives are mentioned herein. It is to be understoodthat some preferred embodiments specifically include one, another, orseveral features, while others specifically exclude one, another, orseveral features, while still others mitigate a particular feature byinclusion of one, another, or several advantageous features.

Furthermore, the skilled artisan will recognize the applicability ofvarious features from different embodiments. Similarly, the variouselements, features and steps discussed above, as well as other knownequivalents for each such element, feature or step, can be employed invarious combinations by one of ordinary skill in this art to performmethods in accordance with the principles described herein. Among thevarious elements, features, and steps some will be specifically includedand others specifically excluded in diverse embodiments.

Although the application has been disclosed in the context of certainembodiments and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in theart that the embodiments of the application extend beyond thespecifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodimentsand/or uses and modifications and equivalents thereof.

Preferred embodiments of this application are described herein,including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out theapplication. Variations on those preferred embodiments will becomeapparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading theforegoing description. It is contemplated that skilled artisans canemploy such variations as appropriate, and the application can bepracticed otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly,many embodiments of this application include all modifications andequivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended heretoas permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of theabove-described elements in all possible variations thereof isencompassed by the application unless otherwise indicated herein orotherwise clearly contradicted by context.

All patents, patent applications, publications of patent applications,and other material, such as articles, books, specifications,publications, documents, things, and/or the like, referenced herein arehereby incorporated herein by this reference in their entirety for allpurposes, excepting any prosecution file history associated with same,any of same that is inconsistent with or in conflict with the presentdocument, or any of same that may have a limiting affect as to thebroadest scope of the claims now or later associated with the presentdocument. By way of example, should there be any inconsistency orconflict between the description, definition, and/or the use of a termassociated with any of the incorporated material and that associatedwith the present document, the description, definition, and/or the useof the term in the present document shall prevail.

It is to be understood that the embodiments of the application disclosedherein are illustrative of the principles of the embodiments of theapplication. Other modifications that can be employed can be within thescope of the application. Thus, by way of example, but not oflimitation, alternative configurations of the embodiments of theapplication can be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein.Accordingly, embodiments of the present application are not limited tothat precisely as shown and described.

Various embodiments of the invention are described above in the DetailedDescription. While these descriptions directly describe the aboveembodiments, it is understood that those skilled in the art may conceivemodifications and/or variations to the specific embodiments shown anddescribed herein. Any such modifications or variations that fall withinthe purview of this description are intended to be included therein aswell. Unless specifically noted, it is the intention of the inventorsthat the words and phrases in the specification and claims be given theordinary and accustomed meanings to those of ordinary skill in theapplicable art(s).

The foregoing description of various embodiments of the invention knownto the applicant at this time of filing the application has beenpresented and is intended for the purposes of illustration anddescription. The present description is not intended to be exhaustivenor limit the invention to the precise form disclosed and manymodifications and variations are possible in the light of the aboveteachings. The embodiments described serve to explain the principles ofthe invention and its practical application and to enable others skilledin the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and withvarious modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to theparticular embodiments disclosed for carrying out the invention.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shownand described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that,based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be madewithout departing from this invention and its broader aspects and,therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope allsuch changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scopeof this invention.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for improving exercise performanceand/or recovery in a subject, or controlling body weight and/orpromoting weight loss in the subject, comprising: administering aneffective amount of a composition to the subject, thereby improvingexercise performance and/or recovery in the subject, wherein thecomposition comprises citric acid, beta alanine, quercetin, sodiumcitrate, stevia and/or stevia leaf extract, fruit flavor, green teaextract and/or natural caffeine, and potassium citrate.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: subjecting the subject to an exercise afteradministering the effective amount of the composition, therebycontrolling body weight and/or for promoting weight loss in the subject.3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprisessugar, sodium chloride, magnesium citrate, silicon oxide, and calciumcitrate.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the sugar is at about30.3-31.9%, 31.9-33.4%, 33.4-34.9%, 34.9-36.4%, 36.4-37.9%, 37.9-39.4%,39.4-41.0%, 41.0-42.5%, 42.5-44.0%, or 44.0-45.5%, or about 37.9% byweight or volume; the citric acid is at about 13.3-14.0%, 14.0-14.7%,14.7-15.3%, 15.3-16.0%, 16.0-16.7%, 16.7-17.3%, 17.3-18.0%, 18.0-18.7%,18.7-19.3%, or 19.3-20.0%, or about 16.7% by weight or volume; the betaalanine is at about 10.7-11.2%, 11.2-11.7%, 11.7-12.3%, 12.3-12.8%,12.8-13.3%, 13.3-13.9%, 13.9-14.4%, 14.4-14.9%, 14.9-15.5%, or15.5-16.0%, or about 13.3% by weight or volume; the quercetin is atabout 6.70-7.04%, 7.04-7.37%, 7.37-7.71%, 7.71-8.04%, 8.04-8.38%,8.38-8.71%, 8.71-9.05%, 9.05-9.38%, 9.38-9.72%, or 9.72-10.05%, or about8.38% by weight or volume; the sodium citrate is at about 3.77-3.96%,3.96-4.14%, 4.14-4.33%, 4.33-4.52%, 4.52-4.71%, 4.71-4.90%, 4.90-5.09%,5.09-5.28%, 5.28-5.46%, or 5.46-5.65%, or about 4.71% by weight orvolume; the stevia and/or stevia extract is at about 3.07-3.22%,3.22-3.37%, 3.37-3.53%, 3.53-3.68%, 3.68-3.83%, 3.83-3.99%, 3.99-4.14%,4.14-4.29%, 4.29-4.45%, or 4.45-4.60%, or about 3.83% by weight orvolume; the fruit flavor is at about 2.67-2.80%, 2.80-2.93%, 2.93-3.07%,3.07-3.20%, 3.20-3.33%, 3.33-3.47%, 3.47-3.60%, 3.60-3.73%, 3.73-3.87%,or 3.87-4.00%, or about 3.33% by weight or volume; the green tea extractand/or natural caffeine is at about 2.67-2.80%, 2.80-2.93%, 2.93-3.07%,3.07-3.20%, 3.20-3.33%, 3.33-3.47%, 3.47-3.60%, 3.60-3.73%, 3.73-3.87%,or 3.87-4.00%, or about 3.33% by weight or volume; the sodium chlorideis at about 1.71-1.79%, 1.79-1.88%, 1.88-1.97%, 1.97-2.05%, 2.05-2.14%,2.14-2.22%, 2.22-2.31%, 2.31-2.39%, 2.39-2.48%, or 2.48-2.56%, or about2.14% by weight or volume; the magnesium citrate is at about 1.67-1.75%,1.75-1.83%, 1.83-1.92%, 1.92-2.00%, 2.00-2.08%, 2.08-2.17%, 2.17-2.25%,2.25-2.33%, 2.33-2.42%, or 2.42-2.50%, or about 2.08% by weight orvolume; the silicon dioxide is at about 1.60-1.68%, 1.68-1.76%,1.76-1.84%, 1.84-1.92%, 1.92-2.00%, 2.00-2.08%, 2.08-2.16%, 2.16-2.24%,2.24-2.32%, or 2.32-2.40%, or about 2.00% by weight or volume; thepotassium citrate is at about 1.50-1.57%, 1.57-1.65%, 1.65-1.72%,1.72-1.80%, 1.80-1.87%, 1.87-1.95%, 1.95-2.02%, 2.02-2.10%, 2.10-2.17%,or 2.17-2.25%, or about 1.87% by weight or volume; and the calciumcitrate is at about 0.317-0.333%, 0.333-0.349%, 0.349-0.365%,0.365-0.381%, 0.381-0.397%, 0.397-0.413%, 0.413-0.429%, 0.429-0.444%,0.444-0.460%, or 0.460-0.476%, or about 0.397% by weight or volume; eachrelative to the weight or volume of the composition.
 5. The method ofclaim 3, wherein the sugar is about 38% by weight or volume, the citricacid about 17% by weight or volume, the beta alanine about 13% by weightor volume, the quercetin about 8.4% by weight or volume, the sodiumcitrate about 4.7% by weight or volume, the stevia and/or stevia leafextract is about 3.8% by weight or volume, the fruit flavor is about3.3% by weight or volume, the green tea extract and/or natural caffeineis about 3.3% by weight or volume, the sodium chloride is about 2.1% byweight or volume, the magnesium citrate is about 2.1% by weight orvolume, the silicon dioxide is about 2.0% by weight or volume, thepotassium citrate is about 1.9% by weight or volume, and the calciumcitrate is about 0.40% by weight or volume; each relative to the weightor volume of the composition.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein thecomposition further comprises dextrose.
 7. The method of claim 6,wherein the citric acid is at about 8.4-8.8%, 8.8-9.3%, 9.3-9.7%,9.7-10.1%, 10.1-10.5%, 10.5-10.9%, 10.9-11.4%, 11.4-11.8%, 11.8-12.2%,or 12.2-12.6%, or about 10.5% by weight or volume; the beta alanine isat about 13.5-14.1%, 14.1-14.8%, 14.8-15.5%, 15.5-16.2%, 16.2-16.8%,16.8-17.5%, 17.5-18.2%, 18.2-18.9%, 18.9-19.5%, or 19.5-20.2%, or about16.8% by weight or volume; the quercetin is at about 4.43-4.65%,4.65-4.88%, 4.88-5.10%, 5.10-5.32%, 5.32-5.54%, 5.54-5.76%, 5.76-5.98%,5.98-6.21%, 6.21-6.43%, or 6.43-6.65%, or about 5.54% by weight orvolume; the sodium citrate is at about 8.4-8.8%, 8.8-9.3%, 9.3-9.7%,9.7-10.1%, 10.1-10.5%, 10.5-10.9%, 10.9-11.4%, 11.4-11.8%, 11.8-12.2%,or 12.2-12.6%, or about 10.5% by weight or volume; the stevia and/orstevia extract is at about 1.94-2.03%, 2.03-2.13%, 2.13-2.23%,2.23-2.32%, 2.32-2.42%, 2.42-2.52%, 2.52-2.61%, 2.61-2.71%, 2.71-2.81%,or 2.81-2.91%, or about 2.42% by weight or volume; the fruit flavor isat about 1.68-1.77%, 1.77-1.85%, 1.85-1.94%, 1.94-2.02%, 2.02-2.11%,2.11-2.19%, 2.19-2.27%, 2.27-2.36%, 2.36-2.44%, or 2.44-2.53%, or about2.11% by weight or volume; the green tea extract and/or natural caffeineis at about 1.68-1.77%, 1.77-1.85%, 1.85-1.94%, 1.94-2.02%, 2.02-2.11%,2.11-2.19%, 2.19-2.27%, 2.27-2.36%, 2.36-2.44%, or 2.44-2.53%, or about2.11% by weight or volume; the potassium citrate is at about 8.4-8.8%,8.8-9.3%, 9.3-9.7%, 9.7-10.1%, 10.1-10.5%, 10.5-10.9%, 10.9-11.4%,11.4-11.8%, 11.8-12.2%, or 12.2-12.6%, or about 10.5% by weight orvolume; and the dextrose is at about 19.0-19.9%, 19.9-20.9%, 20.9-21.8%,21.8-22.7%, 22.7-23.7%, 23.7-24.6%, 24.6-25.6%, 25.6-26.5%, 26.5-27.5%,or 27.5-28.4%, or about 23.7% by weight or volume; each relative to theweight or volume of the composition.
 8. The method of claim 6, whereinthe citric acid is about 11% by weight or volume, the beta alanine isabout 17% by weight or volume, the quercetin is about 5.5% by weight orvolume, the sodium citrate is about 11% by weight or volume, the steviaand/or stevia leaf extract is about 2.4% by weight or volume, the fruitflavor is about 2.1% by weight or volume, the green tea extract and/ornatural caffeine is about 2.1% by weight or volume, the potassiumcitrate is about 11% by weight or volume, and the dextrose is about 24%by weight or volume; each relative to the weight or volume of thecomposition.
 9. A method for improving exercise performance and/orrecovery in a subject, or controlling body weight and/or promotingweight loss in the subject, comprising: administering an effectiveamount of a composition to the subject, thereby improving exerciseperformance and/or recovery in the subject, wherein the compositioncomprises sugar, dextrose, sodium citrate, citric acid, quercetin,magnesium citrate, potassium citrate, calcium citrate, and fruit flavor,and stevia and/or stevia leaf extract.
 10. The method of claim 9,further comprising: subjecting the subject to an exercise; and whereinthe administering of the effective amount of the composition to thesubject is during the exercise, thereby controlling body weight and/orfor promoting weight loss in the subject.
 11. The method of claim 9,wherein the sugar is at about 31.4-32.9%, 32.9-34.5%, 34.5-36.1%,36.1-37.6%, 37.6-39.2%, 39.2-40.8%, 40.8-42.3%, 42.3-43.9%, 43.9-45.5%,or 45.5-47.0%, or about 39.2% by weight or volume; the dextrose is atabout 33.5-35.1%, 35.1-36.8%, 36.8-38.5%, 38.5-40.1%, 40.1-41.8%,41.8-43.5%, 43.5-45.2%, 45.2-46.8%, 46.8-48.5%, or 48.5-50.2%, or about41.8% by weight or volume; the sodium citrate is at about 6.97-7.32%,7.32-7.67%, 7.67-8.02%, 8.02-8.36%, 8.36-8.71%, 8.71-9.06%, 9.06-9.41%,9.41-9.76%, 9.76-10.11%, or 10.11-10.46%, or about 8.71% by weight orvolume; the citric acid is at about 3.49-3.66%, 3.66-3.83%, 3.83-4.01%,4.01-4.18%, 4.18-4.36%, 4.36-4.53%, 4.53-4.70%, 4.70-4.88%, 4.88-5.05%,or 5.05-5.23%, or about 4.36% by weight or volume; the quercetin is atabout 1.74-1.83%, 1.83-1.92%, 1.92-2.00%, 2.00-2.09%, 2.09-2.18%,2.18-2.27%, 2.27-2.35%, 2.35-2.44%, 2.44-2.53%, or 2.53-2.61%, or about2.18% by weight or volume; the magnesium citrate is at about 0.87-0.91%,0.91-0.96%, 0.96-1.00%, 1.00-1.05%, 1.05-1.09%, 1.09-1.13%, 1.13-1.18%,1.18-1.22%, 1.22-1.26%, or 1.26-1.31%, or about 1.09% by weight orvolume; the potassium citrate is at about 1.57-1.64%, 1.64-1.72%,1.72-1.80%, 1.80-1.88%, 1.88-1.96%, 1.96-2.04%, 2.04-2.11%, 2.11-2.19%,2.19-2.27%, or 2.27-2.35%, or about 1.96% by weight or volume; thecalcium citrate is at about 0.332-0.349%, 0.349-0.365%, 0.365-0.382%,0.382-0.398%, 0.398-0.415%, 0.415-0.431%, 0.431-0.448%, 0.448-0.465%,0.465-0.481%, or 0.481-0.498%, or about 0.415% by weight or volume; thefruit flavor is at about 0.139-0.146%, 0.146-0.153%, 0.153-0.160%,0.160-0.167%, 0.167-0.174%, 0.174-0.181%, 0.181-0.188%, 0.188-0.195%,0.195-0.202%, or 0.202-0.209%, or about 0.174% by weight or volume; andthe stevia and/or stevia leaf extract is at about 0.0697-0.0732%,0.0732-0.0767%, 0.0767-0.0802%, 0.0802-0.0836%, 0.0836-0.0871%,0.0871-0.0906%, 0.0906-0.0941%, 0.0941-0.0976%, 0.0976-0.1011%, or0.1011-0.1046%, or about 0.0871% by weight or volume; each relative tothe weight or volume of the composition.
 12. The method of claim 9,wherein the sugar is about 39% by weight or volume, the dextrose isabout 42% by weight or volume, the sodium citrate is about 8.7% byweight or volume, the citric acid is about 4.4% by weight or volume, thequercetin is about 2.2% by weight or volume, the magnesium citrate isabout 1.1% by weight or volume, the potassium citrate is about 2.0% byweight or volume, the calcium citrate is about 0.41% by weight orvolume, the fruit flavor is about 0.17% by weight or volume, and thestevia and/or stevia leaf extract is about 0.087% by weight or volume;each relative to the weight or volume of the composition.
 13. The methodof claim 9, wherein the composition further comprises silicon dioxide,and wherein the sugar is at about 41.5-43.6%, 43.6-45.7%, 45.7-47.7%,47.7-49.8%, 49.8-51.9%, 51.9-54.0%, 54.0-56.0%, 56.0-58.1%, 58.1-60.2%,or 60.2-62.3%, or about 51.9% by weight or volume; the dextrose is atabout 20.9-21.9%, 21.9-23.0%, 23.0-24.0%, 24.0-25.0%, 25.0-26.1%,26.1-27.1%, 27.1-28.2%, 28.2-29.2%, 29.2-30.3%, or 30.3-31.3%, or about26.1% by weight or volume; the sodium citrate is at about 6.96-7.30%,7.30-7.65%, 7.65-8.00%, 8.00-8.35%, 8.35-8.70%, 8.70-9.04%, 9.04-9.39%,9.39-9.74%, 9.74-10.09%, or 10.09-10.43%, or about 8.70% by weight orvolume; the citric acid is at about 3.48-3.65%, 3.65-3.83%, 3.83-4.00%,4.00-4.17%, 4.17-4.35%, 4.35-4.52%, 4.52-4.70%, 4.70-4.87%, 4.87-5.04%,or 5.04-5.22%, or about 4.35% by weight or volume; the quercetin is atabout 1.75-1.84%, 1.84-1.92%, 1.92-2.01%, 2.01-2.10%, 2.10-2.18%,2.18-2.27%, 2.27-2.36%, 2.36-2.45%, 2.45-2.53%, or 2.53-2.62%, or about2.18% by weight or volume; the magnesium citrate is at about 1.74-1.83%,1.83-1.91%, 1.91-2.00%, 2.00-2.09%, 2.09-2.17%, 2.17-2.26%, 2.26-2.35%,2.35-2.43%, 2.43-2.52%, or 2.52-2.61%, or about 2.17% by weight orvolume; the silicon dioxide is at about 1.60-1.68%, 1.68-1.76%,1.76-1.84%, 1.84-1.92%, 1.92-2.00%, 2.00-2.08%, 2.08-2.16%, 2.16-2.24%,2.24-2.32%, or 2.32-2.40%, or about 2.00% by weight or volume; thepotassium citrate is at about 1.56-1.64%, 1.64-1.72%, 1.72-1.80%,1.80-1.88%, 1.88-1.95%, 1.95-2.03%, 2.03-2.11%, 2.11-2.19%, 2.19-2.27%,or 2.27-2.34%, or about 1.95% by weight or volume; the calcium citrateis at about 0.331-0.348%, 0.348-0.364%, 0.364-0.381%, 0.381-0.398%,0.398-0.414%, 0.414-0.431%, 0.431-0.447%, 0.447-0.464%, 0.464-0.480%, or0.480-0.497%, or about 0.414% by weight or volume; the fruit flavor isat about 0.139-0.146%, 0.146-0.153%, 0.153-0.160%, 0.160-0.167%,0.167-0.174%, 0.174-0.181%, 0.181-0.188%, 0.188-0.195%, 0.195-0.202%, or0.202-0.209%, or about 0.174% by weight or volume; and the stevia and/orstevia leaf extract is at about 0.0696-0.0730%, 0.0730-0.0765%,0.0765-0.0800%, 0.0800-0.0835%, 0.0835-0.0870%, 0.0870-0.0904%,0.0904-0.0939%, 0.0939-0.0974%, 0.0974-0.1009%, or 0.1009-0.1043%, orabout 0.0870% by weight or volume; each relative to the weight or volumeof the composition.
 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the compositionfurther comprises silicon dioxide, and wherein the sugar is about 52% byweight or volume, the dextrose is about 26% by weight or volume, thesodium citrate is about 8.7% by weight or volume, the citric acid isabout 4.3% c by weight or volume, the quercetin is about 2.2% by weightor volume, the magnesium citrate is about 2.2% by weight or volume, thesilicon dioxide is about 2.0% by weight or volume, the potassium citrateis about 2.0% by weight or volume, the calcium citrate is about 0.41% byweight or volume, the fruit flavor is about 0.17% by weight or volume,and the stevia and/or stevia leaf extract is about 0.087% by weight orvolume; each relative to the weight or volume of the composition.
 15. Amethod for improving exercise recovery in a subject, or controlling bodyweight and/or promoting lean muscle growth in the subject, comprising:administering an effective amount of a composition to the subject,thereby improving exercise recovery in the subject, wherein thecomposition comprises whey protein, pea protein, sugar, casein, cocoapowder, potassium citrate, pomegranate extract, sodium chloride,chocolate flavor, xanthan gum, stevia and/or stevia leaf extract,L-glutamine, and branched chain amino acid (BCAA).
 16. The method ofclaim 15, further comprising: subjecting the subject to an exercise; andwherein the administering of the effective amount of the composition tothe subject is after the exercise, thereby controlling body weightand/or for promoting lean muscle growth in the subject.
 17. The methodof claim 15, wherein the whey protein is at about 29.5-31.0%,31.0-32.5%, 32.5-33.9%, 33.9-35.4%, 35.4-36.9%, 36.9-38.4%, 38.4-39.8%,39.8-41.3%, 41.3-42.8%, or 42.8-44.3%, or about 36.9% by weight orvolume; the pea protein is at about 16.9-17.7%, 17.7-18.6%, 18.6-19.4%,19.4-20.3%, 20.3-21.1%, 21.1-22.0%, 22.0-22.8%, 22.8-23.7%, 23.7-24.5%,or 24.5-25.4%, or about 21.1% by weight or volume; the sugar is at about13.9-14.6%, 14.6-15.3%, 15.3-16.0%, 16.0-16.7%, 16.7-17.4%, 17.4-18.1%,18.1-18.8%, 18.8-19.5%, 19.5-20.2%, or 20.2-20.9%, or about 17.4% byweight or volume; the casein is at about 7.86-8.25%, 8.25-8.65%,8.65-9.04%, 9.04-9.43%, 9.43-9.83%, 9.83-10.22%, 10.22-10.61%,10.61-11.01%, 11.01-11.40%, or 11.40-11.79%, or about 9.83% by weight orvolume; the cocoa powder is at about 5.63-5.92%, 5.92-6.20%, 6.20-6.48%,6.48-6.76%, 6.76-7.04%, 7.04-7.32%, 7.32-7.61%, 7.61-7.89%, 7.89-8.17%,or 8.17-8.45%, or about 7.04% by weight or volume; the potassium citrateis at about 1.52-1.60%, 1.60-1.67%, 1.67-1.75%, 1.75-1.82%, 1.82-1.90%,1.90-1.98%, 1.98-2.05%, 2.05-2.13%, 2.13-2.20%, or 2.20-2.28%, or about1.90% by weight or volume; the pomegranate extract is at about1.46-1.54%, 1.54-1.61%, 1.61-1.68%, 1.68-1.76%, 1.76-1.83%, 1.83-1.90%,1.90-1.98%, 1.98-2.05%, 2.05-2.12%, or 2.12-2.20%, or about 1.83% byweight or volume; the sodium chloride is at about 1.13-1.18%,1.18-1.24%, 1.24-1.30%, 1.30-1.35%, 1.35-1.41%, 1.41-1.46%, 1.46-1.52%,1.52-1.58%, 1.58-1.63%, or 1.63-1.69%, or about 1.41% by weight orvolume; the chocolate flavor is at about 0.90-0.95%, 0.95-0.99%,0.99-1.04%, 1.04-1.08%, 1.08-1.13%, 1.13-1.17%, 1.17-1.22%, 1.22-1.26%,1.26-1.31%, or 1.31-1.35%, or about 1.13% by weight or volume; thexanthan gum is at about 0.451-0.473%, 0.473-0.496%, 0.496-0.518%,0.518-0.541%, 0.541-0.563%, 0.563-0.586%, 0.586-0.608%, 0.608-0.631%,0.631-0.654%, or 0.654-0.676%, or about 0.563% by weight or volume; thestevia and/or stevia leaf extract is at about 0.270-0.284%,0.284-0.297%, 0.297-0.311%, 0.311-0.325%, 0.325-0.338%, 0.338-0.352%,0.352-0.365%, 0.365-0.379%, 0.379-0.392%, or 0.392-0.406%, or about0.338% by weight or volume; the L-glutamine is at about 0.225-0.237%,0.237-0.248%, 0.248-0.259%, 0.259-0.270%, 0.270-0.282%, 0.282-0.293%,0.293-0.304%, 0.304-0.315%, 0.315-0.327%, or 0.327-0.338%, or about0.282% by weight or volume; and the BCAA is at about 0.225-0.237%,0.237-0.248%, 0.248-0.259%, 0.259-0.270%, 0.270-0.282%, 0.282-0.293%,0.293-0.304%, 0.304-0.315%, 0.315-0.327%, or 0.327-0.338%, or about0.282% by weight or volume; each relative to the weight or volume of thecomposition.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the whey protein isabout 37% by weight or volume, the pea protein is about 21% by weight orvolume, the sugar is about 17% by weight or volume, the casein is about10% by weight or volume, the cocoa powder is about 7.0% by weight orvolume, the potassium citrate is about 1.9% by weight or volume, thepomegranate extract is about 1.8% by weight or volume, the sodiumchloride is about 1.4% by weight or volume, the chocolate flavor isabout 1.1% by weight or volume, the xanthan gum is about 0.56% by weightor volume, the stevia and/or stevia leaf extract is about 0.34% byweight or volume, the L-glutamine is about 0.28% by weight or volume,and the BCAA is about 0.28% by weight or volume; each relative to theweight or volume of the composition.
 19. The method of claim 15, whereinthe whey protein is at about 32.5-34.1%, 34.1-35.8%, 35.8-37.4%,37.4-39.0%, 39.0-40.7%, 40.7-42.3%, 42.3-43.9%, 43.9-45.5%, 45.5-47.2%,or 47.2-48.8%, or about 40.7% by weight or volume; the pea protein is atabout 14.6-15.4%, 15.4-16.1%, 16.1-16.8%, 16.8-17.6%, 17.6-18.3%,18.3-19.0%, 19.0-19.8%, 19.8-20.5%, 20.5-21.2%, or 21.2-22.0%, or about18.3% by weight or volume; the sugar is at about 11.7-12.3%, 12.3-12.8%,12.8-13.4%, 13.4-14.0%, 14.0-14.6%, 14.6-15.2%, 15.2-15.8%, 15.8-16.3%,16.3-16.9%, or 16.9-17.5%, or about 14.6% by weight or volume; thecasein is at about 6.65-6.98%, 6.98-7.32%, 7.32-7.65%, 7.65-7.98%,7.98-8.31%, 8.31-8.65%, 8.65-8.98%, 8.98-9.31%, 9.31-9.65%, or9.65-9.98%, or about 8.31% by weight or volume; the cocoa powder is atabout 8.8-9.2%, 9.2-9.7%, 9.7-10.1%, 10.1-10.5%, 10.5-11.0%, 11.0-11.4%,11.4-11.9%, 11.9-12.3%, 12.3-12.7%, or 12.7-13.2%, or about 11.0% byweight or volume; the potassium citrate is at about 1.95-2.05%,2.05-2.15%, 2.15-2.24%, 2.24-2.34%, 2.34-2.44%, 2.44-2.54%, 2.54-2.63%,2.63-2.73%, 2.73-2.83%, or 2.83-2.93%, or about 2.44% by weight orvolume; the pomegranate extract is at about 1.27-1.33%, 1.33-1.40%,1.40-1.46%, 1.46-1.52%, 1.52-1.59%, 1.59-1.65%, 1.65-1.71%, 1.71-1.78%,1.78-1.84%, or 1.84-1.90%, or about 1.59% by weight or volume; thesodium chloride is at about 0.98-1.02%, 1.02-1.07%, 1.07-1.12%,1.12-1.17%, 1.17-1.22%, 1.22-1.27%, 1.27-1.32%, 1.32-1.37%, 1.37-1.41%,or 1.41-1.46%, or about 1.22% by weight or volume; the chocolate flavoris at about 0.780-0.820%, 0.820-0.859%, 0.859-0.898%, 0.898-0.937%,0.937-0.976%, 0.976-1.015%, 1.015-1.054%, 1.054-1.093%, 1.093-1.132%, or1.132-1.171%, or about 0.976% by weight or volume; the xanthan gum is atabout 0.195-0.205%, 0.205-0.215%, 0.215-0.224%, 0.224-0.234%,0.234-0.244%, 0.244-0.254%, 0.254-0.263%, 0.263-0.273%, 0.273-0.283%, or0.283-0.293%, or about 0.244% by weight or volume; the stevia and/orstevia leaf extract is at about 0.176-0.184%, 0.184-0.193%,0.193-0.202%, 0.202-0.211%, 0.211-0.220%, 0.220-0.228%, 0.228-0.237%,0.237-0.246%, 0.246-0.255%, or 0.255-0.263%, or about 0.220% by weightor volume; the L-glutamine is at about 0.195-0.205%, 0.205-0.215%,0.215-0.224%, 0.224-0.234%, 0.234-0.244%, 0.244-0.254%, 0.254-0.263%,0.263-0.273%, 0.273-0.283%, or 0.283-0.293%, or about 0.244% by weightor volume; and the BCAA is at about 0.195-0.205%, 0.205-0.215%,0.215-0.224%, 0.224-0.234%, 0.234-0.244%, 0.244-0.254%, 0.254-0.263%,0.263-0.273%, 0.273-0.283%, or 0.283-0.293%, or about 0.244% by weightor volume; each relative to the weight or volume of the composition. 20.The method of claim 15, wherein the whey protein is about 41% by weightor volume, the pea protein is about 18% by weight or volume, the sugaris about 15% by weight or volume, the casein is about 8.3% by weight orvolume, the cocoa powder is about 11% by weight or volume, the potassiumcitrate is about 2.4% by weight or volume, the pomegranate extract isabout 1.6%, the sodium chloride is about 1.2%, the chocolate flavor isabout 0.98%, the xanthan gum is about 0.24%, the stevia and/or stevialeaf extract is about 0.22%, the L-glutamine is about 0.24%, and theBCAA is about 0.24%; each relative to the weight or volume of thecomposition.
 21. A method for improving exercise recovery in a subject,or controlling body weight and/or promoting lean muscle growth in thesubject, comprising: administering an effective amount of a compositionto the subject, thereby improving exercise recovery in the subject,wherein the composition comprises casein, sugar, vanilla flavor, tartcherry extract, sodium chloride, branched chain amino acid (BCAA),L-glutamine, stevia and/or stevia leaf extract, and xanthan gum.
 22. Themethod of claim 21, further comprising: subjecting the subject to anexercise; and wherein the administering of the effective amount of thecomposition to the subject is after the exercise and before sleep,thereby controlling body weight and/or for promoting lean muscle growthin the subject.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the casein is atabout 65.3-68.5%, 68.5-71.8%, 71.8-75.1%, 75.1-78.3%, 78.3-81.6%,81.6-84.9%, 84.9-88.1%, 88.1-91.4%, 91.4-94.7%, or 94.7-97.9%, or about81.6% by weight or volume; the sugar is at about 10.4-10.9%, 10.9-11.4%,11.4-12.0%, 12.0-12.5%, 12.5-13.0%, 13.0-13.5%, 13.5-14.0%, 14.0-14.6%,14.6-15.1%, or 15.1-15.6%, or about 13.0% by weight or volume; thevanilla flavor is at about 1.40-1.47%, 1.47-1.54%, 1.54-1.61%,1.61-1.68%, 1.68-1.75%, 1.75-1.82%, 1.82-1.89%, 1.89-1.96%, 1.96-2.04%,or 2.04-2.11%, or about 1.75% by weight or volume; the tart cherryextract is at about 1.35-1.41%, 1.41-1.48%, 1.48-1.55%, 1.55-1.62%,1.62-1.68%, 1.68-1.75%, 1.75-1.82%, 1.82-1.89%, 1.89-1.95%, or1.95-2.02%, or about 1.68% by weight or volume; the sodium chloride isat about 0.561-0.589%, 0.589-0.618%, 0.618-0.646%, 0.646-0.674%,0.674-0.702%, 0.702-0.730%, 0.730-0.758%, 0.758-0.786%, 0.786-0.814%, or0.814-0.842%, or about 0.702% by weight or volume; the BCAA is at about0.281-0.295%, 0.295-0.309%, 0.309-0.323%, 0.323-0.337%, 0.337-0.351%,0.351-0.365%, 0.365-0.379%, 0.379-0.393%, 0.393-0.407%, or 0.407-0.421%,or about 0.351% by weight or volume; the L-glutamine is at about0.281-0.295%, 0.295-0.309%, 0.309-0.323%, 0.323-0.337%, 0.337-0.351%,0.351-0.365%, 0.365-0.379%, 0.379-0.393%, 0.393-0.407%, or 0.407-0.421%,or about 0.351% by weight or volume; the stevia and/or stevia leafextract is at about 0.253-0.265%, 0.265-0.278%, 0.278-0.291%,0.291-0.303%, 0.303-0.316%, 0.316-0.328%, 0.328-0.341%, 0.341-0.354%,0.354-0.366%, or 0.366-0.379%, or about 0.316% by weight or volume; andthe xanthan gum is at about 0.196-0.206%, 0.206-0.216%, 0.216-0.226%,0.226-0.236%, 0.236-0.246%, 0.246-0.255%, 0.255-0.265%, 0.265-0.275%,0.275-0.285%, or 0.285-0.295%, or about 0.246% by weight or volume; eachrelative to the weight or volume of the composition.
 24. The method ofclaim 21, wherein the casein is about 82% by weight or volume, the sugaris about 13% by weight or volume, the vanilla flavor is about 1.8% byweight or volume, the tart cherry extract is about 1.7% by weight orvolume, the sodium chloride is about 0.70% by weight or volume, the BCAAis about 0.35% by weight or volume, the L-glutamine is about 0.35% byweight or volume, the stevia and/or stevia leaf extract is about 0.32%by weight or volume, and the xanthan gum is about 0.25% by weight orvolume; each relative to the weight or volume of the composition. 25.The method of claim 21, wherein the casein is at about 64.9-68.2%,68.2-71.4%, 71.4-74.7%, 74.7-77.9%, 77.9-81.2%, 81.2-84.4%, 84.4-87.7%,87.7-90.9%, 90.9-94.2%, or 94.2-97.4%, or about 81.2% by weight orvolume; the sugar is at about 11.1-11.6%, 11.6-12.2%, 12.2-12.8%,12.8-13.3%, 13.3-13.9%, 13.9-14.4%, 14.4-15.0%, 15.0-15.5%, 15.5-16.1%,or 16.1-16.6%, or about 13.9% by weight or volume; the vanilla flavor isat about 1.43-1.50%, 1.50-1.57%, 1.57-1.64%, 1.64-1.71%, 1.71-1.79%,1.79-1.86%, 1.86-1.93%, 1.93-2.00%, 2.00-2.07%, or 2.07-2.14%, or about1.79% by weight or volume; the tart cherry extract is at about1.37-1.44%, 1.44-1.51%, 1.51-1.58%, 1.58-1.65%, 1.65-1.71%, 1.71-1.78%,1.78-1.85%, 1.85-1.92%, 1.92-1.99%, or 1.99-2.06%, or about 1.71% byweight or volume; the sodium chloride is at about 0.571-0.600%,0.600-0.629%, 0.629-0.657%, 0.657-0.686%, 0.686-0.714%, 0.714-0.743%,0.743-0.771%, 0.771-0.800%, 0.800-0.829%, or 0.829-0.857%, or about0.714% by weight or volume; the stevia and/or stevia leaf extract is atabout 0.257-0.270%, 0.270-0.283%, 0.283-0.296%, 0.296-0.309%,0.309-0.321%, 0.321-0.334%, 0.334-0.347%, 0.347-0.360%, 0.360-0.373%, or0.373-0.386%, or about 0.321% by weight or volume; and the xanthan gumis at about 0.200-0.210%, 0.210-0.220%, 0.220-0.230%, 0.230-0.240%,0.240-0.250%, 0.250-0.260%, 0.260-0.270%, 0.270-0.280%, 0.280-0.290%, or0.290-0.300%, or about 0.250% by weight or volume; each relative to theweight or volume of the composition.
 26. The method of claim 21, whereinthe casein is about 81% by weight or volume, the sugar is about 14% byweight or volume, the vanilla flavor is about 1.8% by weight or volume,the tart cherry extract is about 1.7% by weight or volume, the sodiumchloride is about 0.71% by weight or volume, the stevia and/or stevialeaf extract is about 0.32% by weight or volume, and the xanthan gum isabout 0.25% by weight or volume; each relative to the weight or volumeof the composition.